Showing posts with label Diary. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Diary. Show all posts

Saturday, May 6, 2023

Nicholas's diary entries on the coronation day and the Khodynka tragedy and how he and Alexandra visited the survivors in hospitals, May 1896 (Old Style dates used)

Source:



Above: Nicholas crowns Alexandra during their coronation ceremony.

The diary entries:

13-го мая. Понедельник.
Проснулись с чудесной погодой. К сожалению погулять не успел из-за докладов Лобанова и Горемыкина. Пошли к обедне в 11 ч. Завтракали с Мама и д. Фреди. Гуляли с ними. Сожалели очень покинуть Александрию; именно в ту минуту когда погода стала летнею и зелень начала быстро развиваться. В 3½ уехали в Москву и поселились в Кремле в наших прежних комнатах. Пришлось принять целую армию свит наехавших принцев. В 7 ч. пошли со всем семейством ко всенощной к "Спасу за золотою решеткою". Обедали в 8½ у Мама и ушли пораньше к себе. Исповедались в спальне.

Да поможет нам милосердный Господь Бог, да подкрепит он нас завтра и да благословит на мирно-трудовую жизнь!!!

...

14-го мая. Вторник.
Великий, торжественный, но тяжкий, в нравственном смысле, для Аликс, Мама и меня, день. С 8 ч. утра были на ногах; а наше шествие тронулось только в ½ 10. Погода стояла к счастью дивная; Красное Крыльцо представляло сияющий вид. Все это произошло в Успенском соборе, хотя и кажется настоящим сном, но не забывается во всю жизнь!!! Вернулись к себе в половину второго. В 3 часа вторично пошли тем же шествием в Грановитую палату к трапезе. В 4 часа все окончилось вполне благополучно; душою, преисполненною благодарностью к Богу, я вполне потом отдохнул. Обедали у Мама, которая к счастью отлично выдержала все это длинное испытание. В 9 час. пошли на верхний балкон, откуда Аликс зажгла электрическую иллюминацию на Иване Великом и затем последовательно осветились башни и стены Кремля, а также противоположная набережная и Замоскворечье.

Легли спать рано.

...

18-го мая. Суббота.
До сих пор все шло, слава Богу, как по маслу, а сегодня случился великий грех. Толпа, ночевавшая на Ходынском поле, в ожидании начала раздачи обеда и кружки, наперла на постройки и тут произошла страшная давка, причем, ужасно прибавить, потоптано около 1300 человек!! Я об этом узнал в 10½ ч. перед докладом Ванновского; отвратительное впечатление осталось от этого известия. В 12½ завтракали и затем Аликс и я отправились на Ходынку на присутствование при этом печальном "народном празднике". Собственно там ничего не было; смотрели из павильона на громадную толпу, окружавшую эстраду, на которой музыка все время играла гимн и "Славься".

Переехали к Петровскому, где у ворот приняли несколько депутаций и затем вошли во двор. Здесь был накрыт обед под четырьмя палатками для всех волостных старшин. Пришлось сказать им речь, а потом и собравшимся предводителям двор. Обойдя столы, уехали в Кремль. Обедали у Мама в 8 ч. Поехали на бал к Montebello. Было очень красиво устроено, но жара стояла невыносимая. После ужина уехали в 2 ч.

...

19-го мая. Воскресенье.
... В 2 ч. Аликс и я поехали в Старо-Екатерининскую больницу, где обошли все бараки и палатки, в которых лежали несчастные пострадавшие вчера. Уехали прямо в Александрию, где хорошо погуляли. Выпив там чаю, вернулись назад. ...

...

20-го мая. Понедельник.
... В 3 часа поехал с Аликс в Мариинскую больницу, где осмотрели вторую по многочисленности группу раненых 18-го мая. Тут было 3-4 тяжелых случая. ...

English translations (my own):

May 13th. Monday.
We woke up with wonderful weather. Unfortunately I did not have time to take a walk because of the reports of Lobanov and Goremykin. We went to mass at 11 o'clock. We had breakfast with Mama and uncle Freddy. We walked with them. We were very sorry to leave Alexandria; it was at that moment when the weather turned summery and the greenery began to develop rapidly. At 3½ we left for Moscow and settled in the Kremlin in our former rooms. I had to receive a whole army of retinues of princes who had come. At 7 o'clock we went with the whole family to the vigil to "The Saviour Behind the Golden Bars". We dined at 8½ with Mama and went home early. Confessed in the bedroom.

May the merciful Lord God help us, may He strengthen us tomorrow and may He bless us for a peaceful working life!!!

...

May 14th. Tuesday.
A great, solemn, but difficult day, in the moral sense, for Alix, Mama and me. From 8 o'clock in the morning we were on our feet; and our procession started only at ½ 10. The weather was fortunately wonderful; the Red Staircase was a radiant sight. All this happened in Assumption Cathedral, although it seems like a real dream, but it shall not be forgotten all my life!!! We returned to our place at half past one. At 3 o'clock we went again in the same procession to the Palace of the Facets for the meal. At 4 o'clock everything ended quite well; with a soul filled with gratitude to God, I completely rested afterwards. We dined with Mama, who fortunately passed the whole long trial perfectly. At 9 o'clock we went to the upper balcony, from whence Alix lit an electric illumination on Ivan the Great, and then the towers and walls of the Kremlin, as well as the opposite embankment and Zamoskvorechye, were illuminated in succession.

We went to bed early.

...

May 18th. Saturday.
Until now everything has gone, thank God, like clockwork, but today there was a great sin. The crowd that spent the night on Khodynska Field, waiting for the start of the distribution of dinner and mugs, pressed against the buildings and then there was a terrible crush, and, it is terrible to add, about 1,300 people were trampled!! I learned about this at 10½ o'clock, before Vannovsky's report; a disgusting impression was left from this news. At 12½ we had breakfast and then Alix and I went to Khodynka to attend this sad "folk holiday". Actually there was nothing there; we looked from the pavilion at the huge crowd that surrounded the stage, on which the music played the hymn and "Gloria" all the time.

We moved to Petrovsky, where we received several deputations at the gate and then entered the courtyard. Here a dinner was laid under four tents for all the volost elders. I had to say a speech to them, and then to the assembled leaders of the courtyard. Bypassing the tables, we left for the Kremlin. We dined with Mama at 8 o'clock. We went to the ball at Montebello's. It was very beautifully arranged, but the heat was unbearable. After dinner we left at 2 o'clock.

...

May 19th. Sunday.
... At 2 o'clock yesterday Alix and I went to the Staro-Ekaterininsky hospital, where we went around all the barracks and tents in which the unfortunate victims lay. We went straight to Alexandria, where we had a good walk. After drinking tea there, we returned back. ...

...

May 20th. Monday.
... At 3 o'clock I went with Alix to the Mariinsky hospital, where we looked at the second largest group of the wounded on May 18th. There were 3-4 severe cases. ...

Thursday, March 30, 2023

Valentina Chebotareva's diary entry, dated December 7, 1915

Source:
The diary entry:

7 декабря [1915].
... Вчера великие княжны в 6 часов вечера вызвали к себе Варвару Афанасьевну, как всегда мило ее ласкали. Между прочим, Татьяна Николаевна спросила: "Как вы думаете, когда сегодня легла мать? В 8 утра! — Очевидно, всю ночь провела подле постели Алексея Николаевича. — Через полчаса встала и поехала в церковь". ...

English translation (my own):

December 7, [1915].
... Yesterday, at 6 p.m., the Grand Duchesses summoned Varvara Afanasievna to their place, as always affectionately caressing her. By the way, Tatiana Nikolaevna asked: "When do you think my mother went to bed today? At 8 in the morning! — Obviously, she spent the whole night near Alexei Nikolaevich's bed. — Half an hour later she got up and went to church." ...


Above: Alexandra with Alexei. Photo courtesy of Ilya Grigoryev at lastromanovs on VK.


Above: Tatiana. Photo courtesy of Ilya Grigoryev at lastromanovs on VK.

Valentina Chebotareva's diary entry, dated December 4, 1915

Source:
The diary entry:

4 декабря [1915].
... 27-го [ноября], в день возвращения Веры Игнатьевны, взяли Смирнова в перевязочную. Температура все держалась, пульс скверный, решен был прокол после пробного укола. Игла забилась сгустками гноя, ничего не удавалось высосать, новый укол, и Вера Игнатьевна попадает прямо на гнойник; потек густой, необычайно вонючий гной. Решают немедленно прорез. Забегали мы, я кинулась фильтровать новокаин и кипятить, Татьяна Николаевна самостоятельно собрала и вскипятила все инструменты, перетаскивала столы, готовила белье. Через 25 минут все было готово. Операция прошла благополучно. После разреза сперва с трудом, а потом рекой полился невероятно вонючий гной. Первый разв жизни у меня был позыв к тошноте, а Татьяна Николаевна ничего, только при жалобе, стонах личико подергивалось, да вся стала пунцовая. К вечеру у Смирнова пульс стал падать, в 9 часов приехали Ольга Николаевна и Татьяна Николаевна чистить инструменты. К. опять на лесенке рядом с Татьяной Николаевной. Детки были веселые, оживленные. В 10 часов пошли к Смирнову перед отъездом, и жизнерадостность разом пропала. Глаза закатились, в груди клокотанье, каждый час вспрыскивали то спермит, то камфору. Мы с Варварой Афанасьевной решили остаться, послали за родными, за священником. Исповедался, причастился, глаза оживились, внимательно на всех глядел, совсем ясно говорил, трогательно простился с батюшкой: "Спокойной ночи, батюшка", – но клокотанье не прекращалось, к утру уже никакие вспрыскивания не помогали, пульс пропал, вздохнул два раза и кончился.

На панихиду и отпевание приехала и государыня, ужасно худенькая и грустная. К. приказала оставить санитаром.

English translation (my own):

December 4, [1915].
... On the 27th [November], the day of Vera Ignatievna's return, we took Smirnov to the dressing room. His temperature kept rising, his pulse was bad, the puncture was resolved after the test injection. The needle got clogged with clots of pus, nothing was sucked out, a new injection, and Vera Ignatievna fell directly on the abscess; drip of thick, unusually foul-smelling pus. Decide to cut immediately. We ran in, I rushed to filter novocaine and boil, Tatiana Nikolaevna collected and boiled all the instruments on her own, dragged tables, prepared linen. In 25 minutes everything was ready. The operation went well. After the incision, at first with difficulty, and then incredibly foul-smelling pus poured out like a river. For the first time in my life I had an urge to vomit, but Tatiana Nikolaevna was unruffled, only when someone moaned in pain, her face twitched, but became crimson. By the evening, Smirnov's pulse began to drop, at 9 o'clock Olga Nikolaevna and Tatiana Nikolaevna arrived to clean the instruments. K. was again on the ladder next to Tatiana Nikolaevna. The children were cheerful and lively. At 10 o'clock we went to see Smirnov before leaving, and his cheerfulness disappeared at once. His eyes rolled back, there was a bubbling in his chest, every hour spermite and camphor were injected. Varvara Afanasievna and I decided to stay, sent for his relatives and the priest. He confessed, took Communion, his eyes brightened, he looked at everyone attentively, spoke quite clearly, said goodbye to the priest touchingly: "Good night, Father" — but the bubbling did not stop, by morning no sprays helped, the pulse disappeared, he sighed twice and it was over...

The Empress also came to the panikhida and funeral service, terribly thin and sad. K. ordered to be left as an orderly.


Above: Alexandra with Olga and Tatiana.

Note: panikhida (панихида) = memorial service in the Russian Orthodox Church.

Valentina Chebotareva's diary entry, dated October 24, 1915

Source:
The diary entry (with some of Alexandra's words translated into Russian from French):

24-го октября [1915].
Все эти дни государыня приезжает, мила, ласкова и трогательна, говорила и со мной ласково и приветливо. Оказывается, мяса и рыбы не ест по убеждению: "Лет десять-одиннадцать тому назад была в Сарове и решила не есть больше ничего животного, а потом и доктора нашли, что это необходимо по состоянию моего здоровья". Сидела долго с работой в столовой. Одна из княжон играла в пинг-понг, другая в шашки, кто читал, кто болтал, все просто и уютно. Государыня сказала Варваре Афанасьевне:

"Посмотрите, как малышки забавляются, как эта простая жизнь позволяет отдохнуть... большие сборища, высшее общество — брр! Я возвращаюсь к себе совершенно разбитой. Я должна себе заставлять говорить, видеться с людьми, которые, я отлично знаю, против меня, работают против меня... Двор, эти интриги, эта злоба, как это мучительно и утомительно. Недавно я, наконец, была избавлена кое от кого, и то лишь когда появились доказательства. Когда я удаляюсь из этого общества, я устраиваю свою жизнь как мне нравится; тогда-говорят: 'она — экзальтированная особа'; осуждают тех, кого я люблю, а ведь для того, чтобы судить, надо все знать до деталей. Часто я знаю, что за человек, передо мной; достаточно на него раз взглянуть, чтобы понять: можно ему доверять или нет".

Бедная, несчастная... Такой она мне и рисовалась всегда — сама чистая и хорошая, цельная и простая, она томится условностью и мишурой большого света, а в грязь Григория она не может поверить. В результате — враги в верхних слоях и недоверие нижних.

... Сегодня Татьяна Николаевна сначала приехала одна: "Ведь я еду сюда, как в свой второй дом", и, действительно, такая милая и уютная была. Побежала со мной в кухню, где мы готовили бинты. Государыня посмеялась и сказала, что Татьяна, как хорошая домашняя собачка, привыкла. ...

My reconstruction of Alexandra's words in French (my translation; I cannot find the original):

Regardez comment les petites s'amusent, comment cette vie simple permet de se reposer... de grands rassemblements, de la haute société — brr! Je reviens à moi-même complètement brisée. Je dois me forcer à parler, à voir des gens qui, je sais très bien, sont contre moi, travaillent contre moi... La cour, ces intrigues, cette colère, combien c'est douloureux et épuisant. Récemment, j'ai finalement été délivrée de quelqu'un, et alors seulement quand les preuves sont apparues. Quand je me suis retirée de cette société, j'arrange ma vie comme je l'aime; puis ils disent: «c'est une personne exaltée»; ils condamnent ceux que j'aime, mais pour juger, il faut tout savoir en détail. Souvent je sais de quel genre de la personne est en face de moi; assez de temps pour lui jeter un oeil pour comprendre si l'on peut lui faire confiance ou non.

English translation (my own):

October 24, [1915].
All these days the Empress has been arriving, sweet, affectionate and touching, and spoke to me kindly and affably. It turns out that she does not eat meat and fish because of her conviction: "Ten or eleven years ago I was in Sarov and decided not to eat any more animal products, and then the doctors found that it was necessary for my health." I sat for a long time with work in the dining room. One of the Grand Duchesses played ping-pong, the other played checkers, read, chatted, everything was simple and comfortable. The Empress said to Varvara Afanasievna:

"Look how the little ones amuse themselves, how this simple life allows one to rest... big gatherings, high society — brr! I return to myself completely broken. I have to force myself to talk, to see people who I know very well are against me, they work against me... The court, these intrigues, this anger, how painful and exhausting it is. Recently, I was finally delivered from someone, and then only when the evidence appeared. When I retire from this society, I arrange my life as I like it; then they say: 'she is an exalted person'; they condemn those whom I love, but in order to judge, one must know everything in detail. Often I know what kind of person is in front of me; enough time for him take a look to understand whether one can trust him or not."

Poor, unhappy woman... I always pictured her like that — she was pure and good, whole and simple, she languishes with the convention and tinsel of the great world, and she cannot believe in the filth of Grigori. As a result, there are enemies in the upper layers and distrust of the lower ones.

... Today Tatiana Nikolaevna first came alone: ​​"After all, I come here like it's my second home", and, indeed, she was so sweet and nice. She ran with me to the kitchen, where we were preparing bandages. The Empress laughed and said that Tatiana, like a good pet dog, was used to it. ...


Above: Alexandra with Olga and Tatiana. Photo courtesy of Ilya Grigoryev at lastromanovs on VK.

Valentina Chebotareva's diary entry, dated October 21, 1915

Sources:
The diary entry:

21 октября [1915].
... Занятно, чем кончится история Б. Д. Офицеры-преображенцы переоделись извозчиками и повезли кататься сестер – скандал и шум. Шаховская, конечно, не преминула обратиться к Вырубовой. Государыня взглянула очень строго, офицеров перевели в другой лазарет, а сестер, возможно, вышибут. Шаховская свою кузину на их место. Но, говорят, без крупной истории не обойдется, расскажут все эскапады Шаховской, но захотят ли их выслушать!

English translation (my own):

October 27, [1915].
... It's interesting how B. D.'s story will end. Preobrazhensky officers disguised themselves as cabbies and took the nurses for a ride — scandal and noise. Shakhovskaya, of course, did not fail to turn to Vyrubova. The Empress looked very sternly, the officers were transferred to another infirmary, and the nurses, perhaps, would be kicked out. Shakhovskaya's cousin would be put in their place. But, they say, it will not do without a big story, they will tell about all Shakhovskaya's escapades, but will they want to listen to them?!


Above: Alexandra.

Wednesday, March 29, 2023

Valentina Chebotareva's diary entry, dated August 1, 1915

Source:
The diary entry:

1 августа [1915].
... Как тяжела была смерть Корвин-Пиотровского! Я была ночной дежурной и всю ночь сидела подле бедняги, и ему грозила ежесекундная смерть. С правой стороны вздулась опухоль в кулак. Каждые пять минут он менял положение. Гладила его по руке... Казалось, немного забывался и спал с перерывами. Наутро бодро поехал на операцию. Начало было недурно, но как-то щемящим предчувствием сжималось сердце, как увидела Деревенько, этот злой дух наш, a porte malheur. Артерии Вера Игнатьевна перевязала, дала держать Эберману и вдруг артерия перервалась, кровь хлынула рекой, и тут Вера Игнатьевна проявила чудеса ловкости, мигом отшвырнула Эбермана и одним движением зажала бьющий фонтан. Но легкие уже насытились кровью и всем слышен был роковой свист. Наркоз прекратили, но пульс стал падать, лицо посинело, остановившиеся стеклянные глаза не реагировали ни на свет, ни на прикосновение. Все попытки вызвать искусственное дыхание, опрокидывание головы вниз – ничто не помогало. В жизни не забуду этой первой смерти, что пришлось видеть. Два-три каких-то беспомощных всплескивания губами – и все кончено. Человека не стало, какая мертвая тишина наступила... Сестры, и Ольга, и Татьяна, плакали. Государыня, как скорбный ангел, закрыла ему глаза, постояла несколько секунд и тихо вышла. Бедная Вера Игнатьевна моментально ушла к себе. До чего ей было тяжело; у всех врачей был сконфуженный, но виноватый вид. Драматично еще то, что жена его не получила телеграммы, ехала, уверенная, что он легко ранен и первым делом наткнулась на денщика: "Где барин, проведи меня скорей", а тот по простоте душевной брякнул: "Вот здесь, в часовне".

English translation (my own):

August 1, [1915].
... How hard the death of Korvin-Piotrovsky was! I was the night watcher, and all night I sat beside the poor fellow, and he was threatened with death every second. On the right side, a swelling swelled into a fist. He changed position every five minutes. I stroked his arm... It seemed that I forgot a little and slept intermittently. The next morning I cheerfully went to the operation. The beginning was not bad, but somehow my heart sank with a painful foreboding, as Derevenko saw this evil spirit of ours, a porte malheur. Vera Ignatievna bandaged the arteries, gave Eberman a hold, and suddenly the artery broke, blood gushed like a river, and then Vera Ignatievna showed miracles of dexterity, instantly threw Eberman aside and with one movement squeezed the gushing fountain. But the lungs were already full of blood and everyone heard the fatal whistle. The anesthesia was stopped, but the pulse began to drop, the face turned blue, the stopped, glassy eyes did not react to light or touch. All attempts to induce artificial respiration, rolling the head down — nothing helped. All my life I will never forget this first death that I had to witness. Two or three helpless sputters of his lips — and it was all over. The man was gone, what a dead silence came... The sisters, both Olga and Tatiana, were crying. The Empress, like a mournful angel, closed his eyes, stood for a few seconds and quietly left. Poor Vera Ignatievna immediately went to her room. How hard it was for her; all the doctors looked embarrassed but guilty. It is also dramatic that his wife did not receive the telegram, she was driving here, confident that he was only slightly wounded; and the first person she ran into was the orderly: "Where is my husband, take me to him quickly," and he blurted out in the simplicity of his soul: "Here, in the chapel."


Above: Alexandra with Olga and Tatiana.

Valentina Chebotareva's diary entry, dated July 30, 1915

Source:
The diary entry:

30 июля [1915].
... Среди операции перенесли ужасную минуту. Вера Игнатьевна говорит: "дренаж", а о нем никто и не подумал. Счастье, что я, в своей мании все стерилизовать, прокипятила жгут и спрятала его в стеклянную банку. Мигом выхватила и подала, но час еще после все внутри прыгало и дрожало. Княжны мне шепнули: "После отъезда мама́ мы останемся, поможем вам чистить инструменты." ...

... Вспомнилась сценка из безмятежных дней, когда с фронта шли радостные вести, и в лазарете царил тихий, счастливый покой. В конце апреля или в начале, не помню точно, государыня бывала каждый день, бодрая, чудная, ласковая. После перевязок часами сидела у постели Варвары Афанасьевны, туда приходили и раненые. Государыня и княжны работали, шутили, смеялись.

English translation (my own):

July 30, [1915].
... In the middle of the operation, we suffered a terrible minute. Vera Ignatievna says: "drainage", but no one thought about it. It is fortunate that in my mania to sterilise everything, I boiled a tourniquet and hid it in a glass jar. I instantly grabbed and served it, but for an hour after that everything inside jumped and trembled. The Grand Duchesses whispered to me: "After Mama leaves, we will stay and help you clean the instruments." ...

... I remembered a scene from the serene days, when joyful news came from the front, and a quiet, happy peace reigned in the infirmary. At the end of April or at the beginning, I don't remember exactly, the Empress was there every day, cheerful, wonderful, affectionate. After bandaging, I sat for hours at the bedside of Varvara Afanasievna, and the wounded also came there. The Empress and the Grand Duchesses worked, joked, laughed.


Above: Alexandra with Olga and Tatiana.

Valentina Chebotareva's diary entry, dated July 27, 1915

Source:
The diary entry:

27 июля [1915].
... 2-го января [1915] я вечер была дома, дежурила графиня. В одиннадцатом часу позвонил М. Л. Слышал о страшной катастрофе - Вырубова тоже пострадала, кажется, ноги отрезаны, "повезли к вам в лазарет". Как стало жутко и первая мысль: "Господи, избавь государыню от этого нового горя потерять близкого, любящего человека!" Кинулась в лазарет. Направо, в конце коридора, на носилках стонал пострадавший художник Стреблов, подле возились Эберт, Мухин; Вера Игнатьевна была налево, в императорской комнате. Оказывается, как только дали знать императрице о несчастьи, она собрала все свои силы и поехала.

Присутствие духа поразительное. Помогала выносить всех, сама всем распоряжалась, устройла ей кровать в своей комнате, нашла силы приласкать расплакавшуюся Грекову. По телефону сказали, что ноги уже обе отрезаны. Императрица погладила Грекову по голове, поцеловала и сказала: "До последней минуты я всегда надеюсь и еще не верю, Бог милостив". Около 10-ти часов привезли. Каким-то чудом Вера Игнатьевна оказалась во встречном поезде, наткнулась на Сабурова, кричавшего: "Аня Вырубова искалечена, не могут вытащить из-под вагона!" Два часа стояла подле нее на снегу и помогала отвезти - к нам. Страдания невероятные. Осмотреть ее не удается — кажется, сломан крестец — при малейшей попытке дотронуться — нечеловеческий стон, вой. Коридоры полны народа, тут и Воейков, флигель-адъютант, Комаров, масса придворных, старики Танеевы бродят растерянные, не отказались все же закусить. Татьяна Николаевна, нежно взяв под руку старуху Танееву, прошла с ней по коридору, заплаканная.

Послали за Григорием. Жутко мне стало, но осудить никого не могла. Женщина умирает; она верит в Григория, в его - святость, в молитвы. Приехал перепуганный, трепаная бороденка трясется, мышиные глазки так и бегают. Схватил Веру Игнатьевну за руку: "Будет жить, будет жить..." Как она сама мне потом говорила, "решила разыграть и я пророка, задумалась и изрекла: "Будет, я ее спасу." Несмотря на трагизм минуты, государь не мог не улыбнуться, сказав; "Всякий по-своему лечить".

Государь приехал в первом часу ночи, грустный, но, главное, видно, озабоченный за императрицу. С какой лаской он за ней следил и с некоторым беспокойством всматривался в лица офицеров: как-то будет встречено появление наряду с ними этого пресловутого старца. Государь долго говорил с Верой Игнатьевной, подробностей не знаю, но он, безусловно, ни в какую святость и силу Григория не верит, но терпит, как ту соломину, за которую хватается больная исстрадавшаяся душа. Сюда поместил Анну Александровну нарочно, "чтобы и она, и остальные были в здоровой обстановке, если возможно, удаленные от кликушества".

Вера Игнатьевна поставила условием, чтобы Григорий ходил через боковой подъезд, никогда среди офицеров не показывался, чтобы его Акулина-богородица не смела переступать порога, отделяющего коридор, где императорская комната и перевязочные, от остального помещения. Стеклянные двери были закрыты и на следующее утро завершены полотняными портьерами. Но все это были меры страуса, прячущего голову. Все знали о каждом его появлении и большинство мирилось, верно понимая, что нельзя отказать умирающей женщине в ее просьбе. Но невольно какая-то тень бросалась на светлый, обожаемый облик, и что-то было надломлено... Анна Александровна ветретила Григория словами: "Где же ты был, я так тебя звала. Вот тебе и ясновидение, не почуял на расстоянии, что с его Аннушкой беда приключилась!" Остался дежурить на всю ночь. Царская семья уехала около часу. У государыни нашлись силы всем нам пожать руки, улыбнуться. Вот несчастная!

English translation (my own):

July 27, [1915].
... On January 2 [1915] I was at home in the evening, the countess was on duty. At eleven o'clock M. L. phoned. I heard about a terrible catastrophe — Vyrubova also suffered, it seems, her legs were cut off, "they took [her] to your infirmary." How terrible my first thought was: "Lord, save the Empress from this new grief of losing a loved one, a loving person!" I rushed to the infirmary. To the right, at the end of the corridor, the injured artist Streblov moaned on a stretcher, Ebert and Mukhin were busy at the side; Vera Ignatievna was on the left, in the imperial room. It turns out, as soon as the Empress was informed about the accident, she gathered all her strength and drove off.

Her presence of mind was amazing. She helped everyone to endure, she disposed of everything herself, arranged a bed in her room, found the strength to console the weeping Grekov. They said on the phone that both legs had already been cut off. The Empress stroked Grekov's head, kissed him and said: "Until the last minute, I always hope and still do not believe [she will die], God is merciful." They arrived at about 10 o'clock. By some miracle, Vera Ignatievna found herself in the oncoming train and bumped into Saburov, shouting: "Anya Vyrubova is crippled, they cannot get out from under the carriage!" For two hours I stood beside her in the snow and helped to drive her to our infirmary. Her suffering was incredible. It was not possible to examine her — it seemed that the sacrum was broken — at the slightest attempt to touch it there was an inhuman moan, a howl. The corridors were full of people, here and Voyeikov, the aide-de-camp, Komarov, a mass of courtiers, the old Taneyevs wandered around confused, they still did not refuse to have a bite to eat. Tatiana Nikolaevna, gently taking the old woman Taneyeva by the arm, walked with her down the corridor tearfully.

They sent for Grigori. I felt terrified, but I could not condemn anyone. The woman was dying; she believed in Grigori, in his holiness, in his prayers. He arrived frightened, his scruffy beard was shaking, his mousy eyes were darting around. He grabbed Vera Ignatievna by the hand: "She will live, she will live..." As she told me later, "I decided to play the prophet too, I thought and said: 'She will, I will save her.'" Despite the tragedy of the minute, the Sovereign could not help but smile, saying, "Everybody heals in his own way."

The Emperor arrived at midnight, sad, but, mainly, visibly worried about the Empress. With such affection he watched her and with some concern peered into the faces of the officers: somehow the appearance of this notorious starets along with them would be greeted. The Emperor talked for a long time with Vera Ignatievna, I don't know the details, but he certainly does not believe in any holiness and power of Grigori, but he endures like that straw that a sick, tormented soul clings to. I put Anna Alexandrovna here on purpose, "so that both she and the others would be in a healthy environment, if possible, removed from hysteria."

Vera Ignatievna made it a condition that Grigori walk through the side entrance, never show himself among the officers, so that his Akulina Theotokos did not dare to cross the threshold separating the corridor, where the imperial room and dressing rooms were, from the rest of the room. The glass doors were closed and finished the next morning with linen curtains. But all these were measures of an ostrich hiding its head. Everyone knew about his every appearance and the majority made peace with them, realising that it was impossible to refuse a dying woman in her request. But involuntarily some kind of shadow was thrown on the light, adored appearance, and something was broken... Anna Alexandrovna blasted Grigori with the words: "Where have you been, I called you. Here is your clairvoyance, I did not smell at a distance that trouble happened to his Annushka!" Remained on duty all night. The imperial family left for about an hour. The Empress found the strength to shake all our hands and smile. What an unfortunate woman!


Above: Alexandra. Photo courtesy of Ilya Grigoryev at lastromanovs on VK.


Above: Anna Vyrubova.


Above: Grigori Rasputin.

Valentina Chebotareva's diary entry of July 26, 1915

Source:
The diary entry:

26 июля [1915].
... Начали работать императрица и великие княжны в августе [1914]. Сначала как они были далеки! Целовали руку, здороваясь с княжнами, и этим дело кончалось. Вера Игнатьевна читала лекции в их комнате с полчаса, там всегда была Анна Александровна, затем шли на перевязки, княжны – солдат, государыня и Анна Александровна – офицеров.

English translation (my own):

July 26, [1915].
... The Empress and the Grand Duchesses [Olga and Tatiana Nikolaevna] began to work in August [1914]. How distant they were at first! We kissed their hands, greeted the Grand Duchesses, and that was the end of the matter. Vera Ignatievna lectured in their room for half an hour, Anna Alexandrovna [Vyrubova] was always there, then they went to dressings, the Grand Duchesses had soldiers, the Empress and Anna Alexandrovna had officers.


Above: Alexandra, Olga and Tatiana and Anna Vyrubova in their nursing uniforms.

Tuesday, June 21, 2022

Pierre Gilliard's diary entry, dated August 21 (New Style), 1914

Sources:

Treize années à la cour de Russie: Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, pages 96 to 97, by Pierre Gilliard, 1921


Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, pages 116 to 117, by Pierre Gilliard, translated by F. Appelby Holt, 1921


The diary entry:

Vendredi 21 août. — Leurs Majestés, avant de rentrer à Tsarskoïé-Sélo, ont tenu à se rendre au couvent de Troïtsa, le plus célèbre des sanctuaires de Russie après la vieille laure de Kief. Le train nous amène jusqu'à la petite station de Serghievo, d'où nous gagnons en voiture le monastère. Campé sur une hauteur, on le prendrait, de loin, pour un énorme bourg fortifié, si les clochers bariolés et les dômes dorés de ses treize églises ne venaient révéler sa véritable destination. Rempart de l'orthodoxie, il eut à subir au cours de son histoire des assauts redoutables, dont le plus fameux est le siège qu'il soutint pendant seize mois au début du XVIIe siècle contre une armée de trente mille Polonais.

C'est, avec Moscou, et les villes de la Volga supérieure, l'endroit où s'évoque avec le plus d'intensité le passé, la Russie des boïards, des grands-ducs de Moscou, des premiers tsars, et où s'explique le mieux la formation historique du peuple russe.

La famille impériale assiste à un Te Deum, et se prosterne devant les reliques de saint Serge, le fondateur du couvent. L'archimandrite remet alors à l'empereur une icone peinte sur un fragment du cercueil de ce saint, un des plus vénérés de toute la Russie. Jadis cette image accompagnait toujours les tsars dans leurs compagnes. Sur l'ordre de l'empereur, elle sera transportée au Grand Quartier Général et placée dans «l'église de campagne» du commandant en chef des troupes russes.

L'empereur, l'impératrice et leurs enfants se rendent ensuite dans la petite église de Saint-Nicon, puis ils s'arrêtent quelques instants dans les anciens appartements des patriarches. Mais le temps presse et nous devons renoncer à visiter l'ermitage de Gethsémané, qui se trouve à une petite distance du monastère, et où, selon un usage encore fréquent en Russie, certains ermites se font enfermer dans des cellules souterraines murées. Ils y vivent ainsi dans le jeûne et la prière, parfois jusqu'à la fin de leurs jours, complètement retranchés de ce monde et ne recevant leur nourriture que par un guichet, seul moyen de communication avec leurs semblables qui leur soit laissé.

La famille impériale prend congé de l'archimandrite et quitte le couvent, accompagnée jusqu'à l'enceinte extérieure par une foule de moines qui se pressent autour des voitures.

English translation (by Holt):

Friday, August 21st. — Their Majesties, before returning to Tsarskoïe-Selo, decided to visit the Troïtsa Monastery, the most celebrated sanctuary in Russia after the world-famed Laure of Kiev. The train took us as far as the little station of Serghievo, from which we reached the monastery by car. Perched on a hill, it would be taken for a fortified city from a distance if the bright-coloured towers and gilded domes of its thirteen churches did not betray its true purpose. In the course of its history this rampart of Orthodoxy has had to resist some formidable assaults, the most famous being the sixteen months' siege by an army of thirty thousand Poles at the beginning of the seventeenth century.

This monastery, like Moscow and the towns of the Upper Volga, is a spot where the past seems ever present. It calls up visions of the Russia of the boyarin, the Grand-Dukes of Moscow, and the first Czars, and vividly explains the historical evolution of the Russian people.

The Imperial family were present at a Te Deum and knelt before the relics of St. Sergius, the founder of the monastery. The Archimandrite then handed the Czar an icon painted in a fragment of the coffin of the saint, one of the most revered in Russia. In olden times this image always accompanied the Czars on their campaigns. On the Czar's orders it is being sent to General Headquarters and placed in the "field chapel" of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armies.

The Czar, Czarina, and their children visited the little church of Saint Nicon and then stayed a few minutes in the ancient residence of the patriarchs. As time was pressing, we had to abandon the idea of visiting the hermitage of Gethsemane, which is a little distance from the monastery. In accordance with a practice still frequently observed in Russia, certain hermits still have themselves shut up here in subterranean walled cells. They live in prayer and fasting to the end of their days, completely isolated from the world, and the slit through which their food is passed is their sole means of communication with their fellow-men.

The Imperial family bade the Archimandrite farewell and left the monastery, accompanied by a crowd of monks who swarmed round the cars.


Above: Nicholas and Alexandra with their children.


Above: Pierre Gilliard.

Monday, June 6, 2022

Alix's diary entry written on her 19th birthday, June 6, 1891

Source:

George Hawkins at Letters and writings of Nicholas II and his family on Facebook


Posted on June 6, 2022 in honour of what would be Alix's 150th birthday...

The diary entry:

Saturday 6 June
Balmoral
Breakfast. Received many and most lovely presents. Walked with Grandmama, Aunt and Victoria. Luncheon, and the children also. Drove with Papa and Grandmama round the lions face, took tea with us, met the others at the top. Dinner at 8½, then after that to the Ballroom, where two pieces were most charmingly acted (a surprise) and a prologue —

"Domestic Economy"
John Grumley - Walter D Campbell }
Mrs Grumley - Ethel Cadopan                    } Village shop
Joey - Erskine Profeit                    }
Corporal Tom Jones - Alie Yorke
Mrs Shackles - "

"A night on the Hills"
M. Bram (a French traveller) - A Yorke                    }
R Rattleton (dramatic author) - W. D Campbell } mountain inn
Innkeeper - Henry Bynes        }

Had something to eat with the household. Bed after.


Above: Alix.

Pierre Gilliard's diary entry, dated August 18 (New Style), 1914

Sources:

Treize années à la cour de Russie: Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, pages 93 to 94, by Pierre Gilliard, 1921


Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, pages 113 to 114, by Pierre Gilliard, translated by F. Appelby Holt, 1921


The diary entry:

Mardi 18 août. — Quand Alexis Nicolaïévitch a constaté, ce matin, qu'il ne pouvait pas marcher, son désespoir a été très grand. Leurs Majestés décident cependant qu'il assistera à la cérémonie; il sera porté par un des cosaques de l'empereur. Mais c'est une cruelle déception pour les parents qui craignent de voir s'accréditer dans le peuple l'idée que le grand-duc héritier est infirme.

A onze heures, lorsque l'empereur paraît au haut de l'Escalier Rouge, la foule immense qui se presse sur la place l'acclame frénétiquement. Il descend lentement donnant le bras à l'impératrice, s'avance, suivi d'un long cortège, sur la passerelle qui relie le palais à la cathédrale de l'Assomption et pénètre dans l'église au milieu des ovations enthousiastes de la multitude. Les métropolites de Kief, Saint-Pétersbourg et Moscou, ainsi que les hauts dignitaires du clergé orthodoxe, sont présents. A la fin de l'office, les membres de la famille impériale s'approchent l'un après l'autre des saintes reliques qu'ils baisent pieusement, et se prosternent devant les tombeaux des Patriarches. Ils se rendent ensuite au monastère des Miracles pour prier sur la tombe de saint Alexis.

Longtemps encore après que Leurs Majestés furent rentrées au palais, la foule a continué à stationner sur la place dans l'espoir de les revoir. Et lorsque nous sommes sortis, plusieurs heures plus tard, il y avait encore des centaines de paysans sur l'esplanade.

English translation (by Holt):

Tuesday, August 18th. — When Alexis Nicolaïevitch found he could not walk this morning he was in a terrible state. Their Majesties have decided that he shall be present at the ceremony all the same. He will be carried by one of the Czar's cossacks. But it is a dreadful disappointment to the parents, who do not wish the idea to gain ground among the people that the Heir to the Throne is an invalid.

At eleven o'clock, when the Czar appeared at the top of the Red Staircase, the huge crowd in the square gave him a magnificent reception. He came down slowly, with the Czarina on his arm, and at the head of a long procession slowly crossed the bridge connecting the palace with the Cathedral of the Assumption and entered the church amid a frantic outburst of cheering from the crowd. The Metropolitan Bishops of Kiev, St. Petersburg, and Moscow and the high dignitaries of the Orthodox clergy were present. When Mass was over, the members of the Imperial Family in turn approached the holy relics and kissed them. Then they knelt at the tombs of the patriarchs. Afterwards they went to the Monastery of Miracles to pray at the tomb of St. Alexis.

Long after Their Majesties had returned to the palace the crowd continued to collect in the square in the hope of seeing them again. Even when we came out several hours later there were still hundreds of peasants outside the palace.


Above: Nicholas and Alexandra with their children.


Above: Pierre Gilliard.

Maurice Paléologue's diary entry, dated August 18 (New Style), 1914

Sources:

La Russie des tsars pendant la grande guerre, volume 1, pages 84 to 88, by Maurice Paléologue, 1921


An Ambassador's Memoirs, by Maurice Paléologue, translated by F. A. Holt, 1925


The diary entry:

Mardi, 18 août 1914.
Arrivé ce matin à Moscou, je me rends, vers six heures et demie, avec Buchanan, au grand palais du Kremlin. On nous introduit dans la salle de Saint-Georges, où sont déjà réunis les hauts dignitaires de l'empire, les ministres, les délégations de la noblesse, des bourgeois, des marchands, des corporations charitables, etc., une foule dense et recueillie.

A onze heures précises, l'empereur, l'impératrice et la famille impériale font leur entrée. Les grands-ducs étant tous partis pour l'armée, il n'y a, en dehors des souverains, que les quatre jeunes grandes-duchesses, filles de l'empereur, le césaréwitch Alexis, qui, s'étant blessé hier à la jambe, est porté sur les bras d'un cosaque, enfin la grande-duchesse Élisabeth-Féodorowna, sœur de l'impératrice, abbesse du couvent de Marthe-et-Marie de la Miséricorde.

Au centre de la salle, le cortège s'arrête. D'une voix pleine et ferme, l'empereur s'adresse à la noblesse et au peuple de Moscou. Il déclare que, selon la tradition de ses aïeux, il est venu chercher le soutien de ses forces morales dans la prière aux reliques du Kremlin; il constate qu'un élan magnifique soulève la Russie entière, sans distinction de race ni de nationalité; il conclut:

— D'ici, du cœur de la terre russe, j'envoie à mes vaillantes troupes et à mes valeureux alliés mon ardent salut. Dieu est avec nous! ...

Une longue clameur de hourrahs lui répond.

Tandis que le cortège se remet en marche, le grand-maître des cérémonies nous invite, Buchanan et moi, à suivre désormais la famille impériale, immédiatement après les grandes-duchesses.

Par le salle de Saint-Wladimir et le Vestibule sacré, nous atteignons l'Escalier rouge, dont le palier inférieur se prolonge, par une passerelle tendue de pourpre, jusqu'à l'Ouspensky Sobor, la cathédrale de l'Assomption.

A l'instant où l'empereur paraît, une tempête d'acclamations s'élève de tout le Kremlin, où un peuple immense se presse, tête nue, sur les esplanades. En même temps, toutes les cloches de l'Ivan Véliky rententissent. Et l'énorme bourdon de l'Ascension, construit avec le métal retiré des décombres de 1812, fait planer sur ce vacarme un bruit de tonnerre. Au delà, Moscou la sainte, avec ses milliers d'églises, de palais, de monastères, avec ses dômes d'azur, ses flèches de cuivre, ses bulbes d'or, étincelle sous le soleil, comme un mirage fantastique.

L'ouragan de l'enthousiasme populaire domine presque le fracas de cloches.

Le comte Benckendorff, grand-maréchal de la cour, s'approchant de moi, me dit:

— La voilà donc, cette révolution qu'on nous présageait à Berlin!

Il traduit ainsi probablement la pensée de tous. L'empereur a le visage radieux. La figure de l'impératrice reflète une joie extatique. Buchanan me glisse à l'oreille:

— Nous vivons actuellement une minute sublime! ... Pensez à tout l'avenir historique qui se prépare en ce moment, ici même!

— Oui. Et je pense aussi à tout le passé historique, qui s'est accompli ici même... C'est de cette place, où nous sommes, que Napoléon a contemplé Moscou en flammes. C'est par cette route là-bas que la Grande Armée a commencé sa retraite immortelle!

Cependant, nous voici au parvis de la cathédrale. Le métropolite de Moscou, entouré de son clergé, présente à Leurs Majestés la croix du tsar Michel-Féodorowitch, premier des Romanow, et l'eau bénite.

Nous pénétrons dans l'Ouspensky Sobor. L'édifice, de plan carré, surmonté par un dôme gigantesque que soutiennent quatre piliers massifs, est entièrement recouvert de fresques sur fond d'or. L'iconostase, haute muraille de vermeil, est tout incrusté de pierres précieuses. La faible clarté, qui tombe de la coupole, et le scintillement des cierges entretiennent dans la nef une pénombre rutilante et fauve.

L'empereur et l'impératrice se placent devant l'ambon de droite, au pied du pilier où s'adosse le trône des Patriarches.

Dans l'ambon de gauche, les chantres de la cour, en costume du seizème siècle, argent et bleu pâle, entonnent les admirables hymnes liturgiques du rite orthodoxe, les plus beaux chants peut-être de la musique sacrée.

Au fond de la nef, en face de l'iconostase, les trois métropolites de Russie et douze archevêques sont alignés. A leur gauche, dans tout le bas côté, cent dix évêques, archimandrites et higoumènes sont groupés. Une richesse fabuleuse, une profusion inouïe de diamants, de saphirs, de rubis, d'améthystes, resplendit sur le brocart des mitres et des dalmatiques. Par instants, l'église rayonne d'un éclat surnaturel.

Buchanan et moi, nous sommes placés tous deux à la gauche de l'empereur, en avant de la cour.

Vers la fin du long office, le métropolite apporte à Leurs Majestés un crucifix contenant un morceau de la vraie croix, qu'Elles baisent pieusement. Puis, au travers d'un nuage d'encens, la famille impériale défile autour de la cathédrale, pour s'agenouiller devant les reliques illustres et les tombes des patriarches.

Pendant ce défilé, j'admire l'allure, les attitudes, les prosternements de la grande-duchesse Élisabeth. Malgré qu'elle approche de la cinquantaine, elle a gardé toute sa grâce et sa sveltesse d'autrefois. Sous ses voiles flottants de laine blanche, elle est aussi élégante et séduisante que jadis, avant son veuvage, au temps où elle inspirait les passions profanes... Pour embrasser l'image de la Vierge de Wladimir, qui est encastrée dans l'iconostase, elle a dû poser le genou sur un banc de marbre, assez élevé. L'impératrice et les grandes-duchesses, qui la précédaient, s'y étaient prises à deux fois et non sans quelque gaucherie, afin de se hausser jusqu'à le célèbre icone. Elle l'a fait d'un seul mouvement, souple, aisé, majestueux.

Maintenant, l'office est achevé. Le cortège se reforme; le clergé passe en tête. Un dernier chant, d'une envolée superbe, remplit la nef. La porte s'ouvre.

Dans un éblouissement de soleil, tout le décor de Moscou se déploie soudain. Tandis que la procession se déroule, je songe que, seule, la cour de Byzance, à l'époque de Constantin Porphyrogénète, de Nicéphore Phocas, d'Andronic Paléologue, a connu des spectacles d'une pompe aussi grandiose, d'un hiératisme aussi imposant.

A l'extrémité de la passerelle tendue de pourpre les voitures de la cour attendent. Avant d'y monter, la famille impériale reste quelque temps exposée aux acclamations frénétiques de la foule. L'empereur nous dit, à Buchanan et à moi:

— Approchez-vous de moi, messieurs les ambassadeurs. Ces acclamations s'adressent à vous autant qu'à ma personne.

Sous la rafale des cris enthousiastes, nous parlons, tous les trois, de la guerre commencée. L'empereur me félicite de l'admirable élan qui anime les troupes françaises et me réitère l'assurance de sa foi absolue dans la victoire finale. L'impératrice cherche à me dire quelques paroles aimables. Je l'aide:

— Quel spectacle réconfortant pour Votre Majesté! Comme tout ce peuple est beau à voir dans son exaltation patriotique, dans sa ferveur pour ses souverains!

Elle répond à peine; mais la constriction de son sourire et l'étrange éclat de son regard fixe, magnétique, flamboyant, révèlent son ivresse intérieure. ...

Pendant que Leurs Majestés rentrent au grand palais, nous sortons, Buchanan et moi, du Kremlin, au milieu des ovations qui nous accompagnent jusqu'à l'hôtel.

English translation (by Holt):

Tuesday, August 18, 1914.
When I arrived at Moscow this morning I went with Buchanan about half-past ten to the great Kremlin Palace. We were ushered into the St. George's hall, where the high dignitaries of the empire, the ministers, delegates of the nobility, middle classes, merchant community, charitable organizations, etc., were already assembled in a dense and silent throng.

On the stroke of eleven o'clock the Tsar, the Tsaritsa and the imperial family made their ceremonial entry. The grand dukes had all gone to the front, and besides the sovereigns there were only the four young grand duchesses, the Tsar's daughters, the Tsarevitch Alexis, who hurt his leg yesterday and had to be carried in the arms of a Cossack, and the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, the Tsaritsa's sister, abbess of the Convent of Martha-and-Mary of Pity.

The imperial party stopped in the centre of the hall. In a full, firm voice the Tsar addressed the nobility and people of Moscow. He proclaimed that, as the traditions of his ancestors decreed, he had come to seek the moral support he needed in prayer at the relics in the Kremlin. He declared that a heroic national impulse was sweeping over all Russia, without distinction of race or nationality, and concluded:

"From this place, the very heart of Russia, I send my soul's greeting to my valiant troops and my noble allies. God is with us!"

A continuous burst of cheering was his answer.

As the imperial group moved on, the Grand Master of Ceremonies invited Buchanan and myself to follow the royal family, immediately after the grand duchesses.

Through the St. Vladimir room and the Sacred Gallery we reached the Red Staircase, the lower flight of which leads by a bridge with a purple awning to the Ouspensky Sobor, the Cathedral of the Assumption.

The moment the Tsar appeared a storm of cheering broke out from the whole Kremlin, where an enormous crowd, bare-headed and struggling, thronged the pavements. At the same time all the bells of the Ivan Veliky chimed in chorus, and the Great Bell of the Ascension, cast from the metal saved from the ruins in 1812, sent a thunderous boom above the din. Around us Holy Moscow, with her sky-blue domes, copper spires and gilded bulbs, sparkled in the sun like a fantastic mirage.

The hurricane of popular enthusiasm almost dominated the din of the bells.

Count Benckendorff, Grand Marshal of the Court, came up to me and said:

"Here's the revolution Berlin promised us!"

In so saying he was probably interpreting everyone's thoughts. The Tsar's face was radiant. In the Tsaritsa's was joyous ecstasy. Buchanan whispered:

"This is a sublime moment to have lived to see! Think of all the historic future being made here and now!"

"Yes, and I'm thinking, too, of the historic past which is seeing its fulfilment here. It was from this very spot on which we now stand that Napoleon surveyed Moscow in flames. It was by that very road down there that the Grand Army began its immortal retreat!"

We were now at the steps of the cathedral. The Metropolitan of Moscow, surrounded by his clergy, presented to their Majesties the cross of Tsar Michael Feodorovitch, the first of the Romanovs, and the holy water.

We entered the Ouspensky Sobor. This edifice is square, surmounted by a gigantic dome supported by four massive pillars, and all its walls are covered with frescoes on a gilded background. The iconostasis, a lofty screen, is one mass of precious stones. The dim light falling from the cupola and the flickering glow of the candles kept the nave in a ruddy semi-darkness.

The Tsar and Tsaritsa stood in front of the right ambo at the foot of the column against which the throne of the Patriarchs is set.

In the left ambo the court choir, in XVIth century silver and light blue costume, chanted the beautiful anthems of the orthodox rite, perhaps the finest anthems in sacred music.

At the end of the nave opposite the iconastasis the three Metropolitans of Russia and twelve archbishops stood in line. In the aisles on their left was a group of one hundred and ten bishops, archimandrites and abbots. A fabulous, indescribable wealth of diamonds, sapphires, rubies and amethysts sparkled on the brocade of their mitres and chasubles. At times the church glowed with a supernatural light.

Buchanan and I were on the Tsar's left, in front of the court.

Towards the end of the long service the Metropolitan brought their Majesties a crucifix containing a portion of the true cross, which they reverently kissed. Then, through a cloud of incense, the imperial family walked round the cathedral to kneel at the world-famed relics and the tombs of the patriarchs.

During this procession I was admiring the bearing and attitudes of the Grand Duchess Elizabeth, particularly when she bowed or knelt. Although she is approaching fifty, she has kept her slim figure and all her old grace. Under her loose white woollen hood she was as elegant and attractive as in the old days before her widowhood, when she still inspired profane passions. To kiss the figure of the Virgin of Vladimir, which is set in the iconostasis, she had to place her knee on a rather high marble seat. The Tsaritsa and the young grand duchesses who preceded her had had to make two attempts — and clumsy attempts — before reaching the celebrated ikon. She managed it in one supple, easy and queenly movement.

The service was now over. The procession was reformed and the clergy took their place at its head. One last chant, soaring in triumph, filled the nave. The door opened.

All the glories of Moscow suddenly came into view in a blaze of sunshine. As the procession passed out I reflected that the court of Byzantium, at the time of Constantine Porphyrogenetes, Nicephorus Phocas or Andronicus Paleologue, can alone have seen so amazing a display of sacerdotal pomp.

At the end of the covered-in passage the imperial carriages were waiting. Before entering them the royal family stood for a time facing the frantic cheers of the crowd. The Tsar said to Buchanan and myself:

"Come nearer to me, Messieurs les Ambassadeurs. These cheers are as much for you as for me."

Amid the torrent of acclamations we three discussed the war which had just begun. The Tsar congratulated me on the wonderful ardour of the French troops and reiterated the assurance of his absolute faith in final victory. The Tsaritsa tried to give me a few kind words. I helped her out:

"What a comforting insight for your Majesty! How splendid it is to see all these people swept by patriotic exaltation and fervour for their rulers!"

Her answer was almost inaudible, but her strained smile and the strange spell of her wrapt gaze, magnetic and inspired, revealed her inward intoxication. ...

As Their Majesties returned to the palace Buchanan and I left the Kremlin amidst an ovation which accompanied us to our hotel.


Above: Nicholas and Alexandra with their children.


Above: Ella.


Above: Sir George Buchanan.


Above: Maurice Paléologue.

Pierre Gilliard's diary entry, dated August 17 (New Style), 1914

Sources:

Treize années à la cour de Russie: Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, pages 92 to 93, by Pierre Gilliard, 1921


Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, pages 112 to 113, by Pierre Gilliard, translated by F. Appelby Holt, 1921


The diary entry:

Lundi 17 août. — L'arrivée de Leurs Majestés à Moscou a été l'un des spectacles les plus impressionants et les plus émouvants qu'il m'ait été donné de voir jusqu'ici...

Après les réceptions d'usage à la gare, nous nous acheminons en une longue file de voitures vers le Kremlin. Une foule immense a rempli les places et les rues, a escaladé les toits des boutiques, s'accroche en grappes aux arbres des squares, aux devantures des magasins, s'écrasse aux balcons et aux fenêtres des maisons et, tandis que toutes les cloches des sanctuaires sonnent sans interruption, de ces milliers de poitrines s'élève, formidable de grandeur religieuse et d'émotion contenue, ce merveilleux hymne russe où s'exprime la foi de tout un peuple:

Dieu, garde le Tsar!
Fort et puissant, règne pour notre gloire,
Règne pour l'effroi de nos ennemis, Tsar orthodoxe.
Dieu, garde le Tsar!

Sur le seuil des églises, dont les portes grandes ouvertes laissent apercevoir les lueurs des cierges qui brûlent devant l'iconostase, les prêtres en habits sacerdotaux et tenant à deux mains leur grand crucifix d'or, bénissent au passage le tsar d'un large signe de croix. L'hymne meurt et renaît, montant comme une prière d'un rythme puissant et majestueux:

Dieu, garde le Tsar!

Le cortège arrive à la porte Ibérienne. L'empereur descend de voiture et, selon l'usage, entre dans la chapelle pour baiser l'image miraculeuse de la Vierge d'Ibérie. Il en ressort, fait quelques pas et s'arrête, dominant la multitude immense. Sa figure est grave et recueillie; immobile il écoute la voix de son peuple et semble communier avec lui. Une fois encore il a entendu battre le cœur de la grande Russie...

Il se tourne ensuite du côté de la chapelle, se signe, puis, se recouvrant, rejoint à pas lents sa voiture qui disparaît sous la vieille porte et gagne le Kremlin.

Alexis Nicolaïévitch se plaint beaucoup de nouveau de sa jambe, ce soir. Pourra-t-il marcher demain ou faudra-t-il qu'on le porte lorsque Leurs Majestés se rendront à la cathédrale? L'empereur et l'impératrice sont désespérés. L'enfant n'a déjà pas pu assister à la cérémonie du Palais d'Hiver. Il en est presque toujours ainsi lorsqu'il doit paraître en public: on peut être presque certain qu'une complication surviendra au dernier moment. Il semble vraiment qu'un sort fatal le poursuit.

English translation (by Holt):

Monday, August 17th. — The arrival of Their Majesties at Moscow has been one of the most impressive and moving sights I have ever seen in my life.

After the customary reception at the station we went in a long file of carriages towards the Kremlin. An enormous crowd had collected in the squares and in the streets, climbed on the roofs of the shops, into the branches of trees. They swarmed in the shop windows and filled the balconies and windows of the houses. While all the bells of the churches were ringing as if they would never stop, from those thousands of throats poured that wonderful Russian National Anthem, so overwhelming with its religious grandeur and pent emotion, in which the faith of a whole race is embodied:

"God save the Czar!
Mighty and powerful, let him reign for our glory,
For the confusion of our enemies, the orthodox Czar.
God save the Czar!"

On the steps of the churches, through the great doorways of which one could see the light of the candles burning before the reliquaries, the priests in vestments, and holding their great crucifixes in both hands, blessed the Czar as he passed. The hymn stopped, and then began again, rising like a prayer with a mighty and majestic rhythm:

"God save the Czar!"

The procession arrived at the Iberian Gate. The Czar got out of his carriage and, in accordance with custom, entered the chapel to kiss the miraculous image of the Virgin of Iberia. He came out, walked a little way, and then stopped, high above the immense multitude. His face was grave and composed. He stood motionless to hear the voice of his people. He seemed to be in silent communication with them. Once again he could hear the great heart of Russia beating. ...

He then turned again towards the chapel, crossed himself, put on his cap, and slowly walked to his carriage, which disappeared under the old gate and went towards the Kremlin.

Alexis Nicolaïevitch is complaining a good deal of his leg again to-night. Will he be able to walk to-morrow or will he have to be carried when Their Majesties go to the Cathedral? The Czar and Czarina are in despair. The boy was not able to be present at the ceremony in the Winter Palace. It is always the same when he is supposed to appear in public. You can be practically certain that some complication will prevent it. Fate seems to pursue him.


Above: Nicholas and Alexandra.


Above: Alexei.


Above: Pierre Gilliard.

Pierre Gilliard's diary entry, dated August 15 (New Style), 1914

Sources:

Treize années à la cour de Russie: Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, pages 91 to 92, by Pierre Gilliard, 1921


Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, pages 111 to 112, by Pierre Gilliard, translated by F. Appelby Holt, 1921


The diary entry:

Samedi 15 août. — On m'a annoncé hier soir que j'étais officiellement dispensé de rentrer en Suisse. J'apprends que c'est le résultat d'une démarche que Sazonof a fait faire à Berne, sur la demande de Sa Majesté. Au reste, il est de plus en plus douteux que les Suisses puissent partir.

La famille impériale doit se rendre le 17 à Moscou où l'empereur, selon la coutume de ses ancêtres, désire aller implorer sur lui et sur son peuple la bénédiction de Dieu, à l'heure tragique que le pays traverse.

English translation (by Holt):

Saturday, August 15th. — I was told last night that my return to Switzerland has been officially excused. I am told this is the result of the action M. Sazonoff has taken at Berne at Her Majesty's suggestion. In any case, it is more and more doubtful whether the Swiss will be able to get away.

The Imperial family is to go on the 17th to Moscow, where the Czar will observe the traditional custom and ask the blessing of God on himself and his people in the tragic hours through which the country is passing.


Above: Alexandra.


Above: Pierre Gilliard.

Pierre Gilliard's diary entry, dated August 9 (New Style), 1914

Sources:

Treize années à la cour de Russie: Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, page 90, by Pierre Gilliard, 1921


Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, page 110, by Pierre Gilliard, translated by F. Appelby Holt, 1921


The diary entry:

Dimanche 9 août. — ... Jamais ni [l'empereur], ni l'impératrice, n'abordaient avec moi de sujets politiques ou d'ordre intime. Mais les événements prodigieux de ces jours derniers, et le fait que j'ai été de si près mêlé à leurs soucis et à leurs angoisses, m'ont rapproché d'eux et ont fait tomber momentanément les barrières conventionelles de l'étiquette et des usages de cour. ...

English translation (by Holt):

Sunday, August 9th. — ... Neither [the Czar] nor the Czarina ever used to discuss political or personal questions with me. But the amazing events of the last few days, and the fact that I have been so intimately associated with their troubles and anxieties, have drawn me closer to them, and for the time being the conventional barriers of etiquette and Court usage have fallen. ...


Above: Nicholas and Alexandra.


Above: Pierre Gilliard.

Pierre Gilliard's diary entry, dated August 5 (New Style), 1914

Sources:

Treize années à la cour de Russie: Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, pages 88 to 90, by Pierre Gilliard, 1921


Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, pages 108 to 110, by Pierre Gilliard, translated by F. Appelby Holt, 1921


The diary entry:

Mercredi 5 août. — ... Le soir j'ai de nouveau une longue conversation avec l'impératrice qui ne peut pas admettre que je parte pour la Suisse.

— C'est absurde, vous n'y arriverez jamais, tous les chemins sont coupés.

Je lui dis qu'un arrangement est intervenu entre l'ambassade de France et la légation de Suisse et que nous partirons tous ensemble par les Dardanelles.

— Le malheur est que si vous aves quelque chance — fort minime d'ailleurs — d'arriver chez vous, vous n'en avez aucune de revenir ici avant la fin de la guerre. Et comme la Suisse ne se battra pas, vous resterez chez vous à ne rien faire.

En ce moment le Dr Dérévenko entra dans la salle où je me trouve avec Sa Majesté. Il tient à la main les journaux du soir qui annoncent la violation de la neutralité suisse par l'Allemagne.

— Encore! mais c'est fou, c'est insensé, s'écrie l'impératrice. Ils ont complètement perdu la tête.

Et comprenant qu'elle ne peut maintenant me retenir, elle n'insiste plus et se met à me parler avec bonté de mes parents qui vont être pendant si longtemps sans nouvelles de moi.

— Je n'ai moi-même aucune nouvelle de mon frère, ajoute-t-elle. Où est-il? En Belgique, sur le front français? Je tremble à la pensée que l'empereur Guillaume, par vengeance contre moi, ne l'envoie contre la Russie, il est bien capable de cette vilenie! ... Oh! c'est horrible la guerre! Que de maux, que de souffrances, mon Dieu! ... Que deviendra d'Allemagne? Quelle humiliation, quel écrasement! Et tout cela par la faute des Hohenzollern, par suite de leur orgueil fou et de leur ambition insatiable. Qu'ont-ils fait de l'Allemagne de mon enfance? J'ai gardé de mes premières années de si jolis souvenirs de Darmstadt, si poétiques, si bienfaisants et j'y avais de bien bons amis. Mais, lors de mes derniers séjours, l'Allemagne m'est apparue comme un autre pays, comme un pays inconnu et que je ne comprenais plus... Il n'y avait que les vieux avec lesquels je me retrouvais comme autrefois en communion de pensée et de sentiments. La Prusse a fait le malheur de l'Allemagne. On a trompé le peuple allemand, on lui a inculqué des sentiments de haine et de vengeance qui n'étaient pas dans sa nature... La lutte va être terrible, monstrueuse, et l'humanité marche au devant d'effroyables souffrances...

English translation (by Holt):

Wednesday, August 5th. — ... This evening I had another long talk with the Czarina, who will not hear of my leaving for Switzerland.

"It's ridiculous! You will never get there. All communications are interrupted."

I told her that an arrangement had been made between the French Embassy and the Swiss Legation, and that we should all go home together via the Dardanelles.

"The trouble is that, if you have some chance — it's a very small one — of getting home, you will have no chance of getting back here before the end of the war. As Switzerland will not fight, you will be at home doing nothing."

At that moment Dr. Derevenko entered the room. In his hand he held an evening paper announcing the violation of Swiss neutrality by Germany.

"Again! They must be crazy, mad!" cried the Czarina. "They have absolutely lost their heads!"

Realising she could not keep me now, she abandoned her resistance and began to speak kindly of my relations, who will be without news of me for some considerable time.

"I myself have no news of my brother," she added. "Where is he? In Belgium or on the French front? I shiver to think that the Emperor William may avenge himself against me by sending him to the Russian front. He is quite capable of such monstrous behaviour! What a horrible war this is! What evil and suffering it means! ... What will become of Germany? What humiliation, what a downfall is in store for her? And all for the sins of the Hohenzollerns — their idiotic pride and insatiable ambition. Whatever has happened to the Germany of my childhood? I have such happy and poetic memories of my early years in Darmstadt and the good friends I had there. But on my later visits Germany seemed to me a changed country — a country I did not know and had never known. ... I had no community of thought or feeling with anyone except the old friends of days gone by. Prussia has meant Germany's ruin. The German people have been deceived. Feelings of hatred and revenge which are quite foreign to their nature have been instilled into them. It will be a terrible, monstrous struggle, and humanity is about to pass through ghastly sufferings. ..."


Above: Alexandra.


Above: Pierre Gilliard.