Showing posts with label Alexandra's interference in war and politics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Alexandra's interference in war and politics. Show all posts

Monday, September 12, 2022

Alexandra's letter to Nicholas, dated June 12 and 13, 1915

Source:

Letters of the Tsaritsa to the Tsar, 1914-1916, published by Duckworth & Co., 1923


The letter:

No. 84.
Tsarskoje Selo, June 12-th 1915
My very Own,
I begin my letter still to-night, as to-morrow morning I hope to go to the hospital & shall have less time for writing. Ania & I took a nice drive to Pavlovsk this afternoon — in the shade it was quite cool; we lunched & took tea on the balkony, but in the evening it got too fresh to sit out. From 9½-11½ we were at Anias, I worked on the sopha, the 3 girls and officers played games. I am tired after my first outing. — My Lvov stores is now at Rovno near the station for the time — God grant we shant be driven back fr. there too. — That we had to leave that town is hard, but still it was not quite ours yet — nevertheless its sad to have fallen into other hands — William will now be sleeping in old Fr. J's bed wh. you occupied one night — I don't like that, its humiliating, — but that one can bear — but to think that once more the same battle-fields may be strewn with the bodies of our brave men — thats heartrending. But I ought not to speak to you in this tone, you have enough sorrow — my letters must be cheery ones, but its a bit difficult when heart & soul are sad. I hope to see our Friend a moment in the morning at Anias to bid Him goodbye — that will do me good. Serge Tan. was to leave tonight over Kiev but got a telegram that the Akhtirtzy are being sent elsewhere & he must leave to-morrow. I wonder what new combination. — How one wishes Alexeiev had remained with Ivanov, things might have gone better — Dragomirov set all going wrong. One prays & prays & yet never enough — the Schadenfreude of Germany makes my blood boil. God must surely hearken unto our supplications & send some success at least; — now shall be having them turn towards Varsovie & many troops are near Shavli, oh God, what a hideous war! Sweet, brave Soul how I wish one could rejoice your poor, tortured heart with something bright & hopeful. I long to hold you tightly clasped in my arms, with yr. sweet head resting upon my shoulder — then I could cover Lovy's face & eyes with kisses & murmer soft words of love. I kiss your cushion at nights, thats all I have — & bless it. — Now I must go to sleep. Rest well, my treasure, I bless & kiss you ever so fondly & gently stroke your dear brow.

June 13-th. How can I thank you enough for your beloved letter, I received upon our return from the hospital. Such an intense joy hearing from you, my Angel, thanks thousands of times. But I am sad your dear heart does not feel right, please let Botkin see you upon yr. return as he can give you drops to take from time to time when you have pains. I feel so awfully for those who have anything with the heart, suffering from it myself for so many years. Hiding ones sorrow, swallowing all, makes it so bad & it gets besides phisically tired — your eyes seemed like it at times. Only always tell it me, as I have after all enough experience with heart complain[t]s & I can perhaps help you. Speak about all to me, talk it out, cry even, it makes it phisically too, easier sometimes. —

Thank God N. understood about the second class. — Forgive me, but I don't like the choice of Minister of war — you remember how you were against him, & surely rightly & N. too I fancy. He works with Xenia too — but he is a man in whom one can have any confidence, can he be trusted? How I wish I were with you & could hear all yr. reasons for choosing him. I dread N.'s nominations, N. is far from clever, obstinate & led by others — God grant I am mistaken & this choice may be blest — but I like a crow, croak over it rather. Can the man have changed so much? Has he dropped Gutchkov — is he not our Friend's enemy, as that brings bad luck. Make dear old Goremykin thoroughly speak with him, morally influence him. Oh may these 2 new ministers be the right men in the right place, ones heart is so full of anxiety & one yearns for union amongst the ministers, success. Lovy mine, tell them upon their return from the Headquarters to ask & see me, one after the other, & I shall pray hard & try my utmost to be of real use to you. Its horrid not helping & letting you have all the hard work to do. —

Our Friend dined (I think) with Shakhovskoy again & likes him — He can influence him for the good. Fancy how strange! Schtcherbatov wrote a most amiable letter to Andronnikov (after having spoken against him to you). —

There is another minister I don't like in his place, Stcheglovitov, (to speak to pleasant) he does not heed to your orders, & whenever a petition comes wh. he thinks our Friend brought, he wont do it & not long ago tore one of yours through again. Verevkine his aid (Gr.'s friend) told this — & I have noticed that he rarely does what one asks — like Timiriasev obstinate & "by the letter" not by the soul. Its right to be severe — but one might be more just than he is & kinder to the small people, more lenient. —

Our apendicitis operation went off well; saw the new officers — the poor boy with tetanos is a little better — more hopeful. — Such fine weather, am lying on the balkony & the birdies are chirruping away so gaily. — A. just sat with me, she saw Gr. this morning, he slept better for the first time since 5 nights & says its a little better at the war. He begs you most incessantly to order quickly that on one day all over the country there should be a church procession to ask for victory. God will sooner hear if all turn to Him — please give the order, any day you choose now that it should be done — send yr. order (I think) by wire (open that all can read it) to Sabler that this is yr. wish — now is Petrovski Lent, so it is yet more apropriate, & it will lift the spirit up, & be a consolation to the brave one's fighting — & tell the same thing to Shavelsky Deary — please Darling, & just that its to be an order from you, not from the Synod. — I could not see Him to-day — hope to-morrow.

A., Alia & Nini have gone by motor to Krasnoje to talk with Groten. Now I must quickly send off this letter. Marie Bariatinsky dines with us & leaves to-morrow with Olga for Kiev I think. —

God bless & protect you — heart & soul with you, prayers without end surround you. Feel sad & lowspirited, hate being separated fr. you, all the more so when you have so many worries.

But God will help & if these church processions are done, am sure He will hearken unto all prayers of your faithful people. God guard & guide you, you my very own Love.

If you have any question for our Fr. write at once.
I cover you with fondest kisses, Ever yr. own old
Wify.

Love to old man & N. P.


Above: Nicholas and Alexandra.


Above: Anna Vyrubova.


Above: Grigori Rasputin.

Notes: William = Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, a cousin of both Nicholas and Alexandra.

Alexandra always called Grigori Rasputin "our Friend".

Tuesday, August 30, 2022

Alexandra's letter to Nicholas, dated June 10, 1915

Source:

Letters of the Tsaritsa to the Tsar, 1914-1916, published by Duckworth & Co., 1923


The letter:

No. 81.
Tsarskoje Selo, June 10-th 1915
My very own precious One,
It is with a heavy heart I let you leave this time — everything is so serious & just now particularly painful & I long to be with you, to share your worries & anxieties. You bear all so bravely & by yourself — let me help you my Treasure. Surely there is some way in wh. a woman can be of help & use. I do so yearn to make it easier for you & the ministers all squabbling amongst each other at a time, when all ought to work together & forget their personal offenses — have as aim the wellfare of their Sovereign & Country — it makes me rage. In other words its treachery, because people know it, they feel the government in discord & then the left profit by it. If you could only be severe, my Love, it is so necessary, they must hear your voice & see displeasure in yr. eyes.; they are too much accustomed to your gentle, forgiving kindness.

Sometimes a word gently spoken carries far — but at a time, such as we are now living through, one needs to hear your voice uplifted in protest & repremand when they continue not obeying yr. orders, when they dawdle in carrying them out. They must learn to tremble before you — you remember Mr. Ph. & Gr. say the same thing too. You must simply order things to be done, not asking if they are possible (you will never ask anything unreasonable or a folly) — for instance, order as in France (a Republic) other fabrics to make shells, cartridges (if guns & rifles too complicated) — let the big fabrics send teacher — where there is a will there is a way & they must all realise that you insist upon yr. wish being speedily fulfilled. It is for them to find the people, the fabricants, to settle all going, let them go about & see to the work being done, themselves. You know how talented our people are, how gifted — only lazy & without initiative, start them going, & they can do anything, only dont ask, but order straight off, be energetic for yr. country's sake!

The same about the question wh. our Friend takes so to heart & wh. is the most serious of all, for internal peace's sake — the not calling in the Second class — if the order has been given, you tell N. that you insist upon its counterordering — by your name to wait, the kind act must come fr. you — dont listen to any excuses — (am sure it was unintentionally done out of not having knowledge of the country). Therefore our Friend dreads yr. being at the Headquarters as all come round with their own explanations & involuntarily you give in to them, when yr. own feeling has been the right one, but did not suit theirs. Remember you have reigned long, have far more experience than they — N. has only the army to think of & success — you carry the internal responsabilities on for years — if he makes faults (after the war he is nobody), but you have to set all straight. No, hearken unto our Friend, beleive Him, He has yr. interest & Russians at heart — it is not for nothing God sent Him to us — only we must pay more attention to what He says — His words are not lightly spoken — & the gravity of having not only His prayers, but His advise — is great. The Ministers did not think of telling you, that this measure is a fatal one, but He did. — How hard it is not to be with you, to talk over all quietly & to help you being firm. — Shall follow & be near you in thoughts & prayers all the time. May God bless & protect you, my brave, patient, humble one. I cover yr. sweet face with endless, tender kisses, — love you beyond words, my own, very own Sunshine & joy. — I bless you. — Sad not to pray together, but Botk. finds wiser my remaining quiet, so as soon to be quite alright again.
Yr. own
Wify.

Our Marie will be 16 on the 14-th, so give her diamond-necklace fr. us, like the other two got. —


Above: Alexandra. Photo courtesy of Ilya Grigoryev at lastromanovs on VK.


Above: Nicholas. Photo courtesy of Ilya Grigoryev at lastromanovs on VK.


Above: Grigori Rasputin.


Above: Maria.

Notes: Alexandra always referred to Grigori Rasputin as "our Friend".

It was Nicholas and Alexandra's custom to give each of their daughters a special diamond necklace when one of them had her sixteenth birthday. Due to unforeseen circumstances (Nicholas's abdication and the house arrest), the youngest daughter Anastasia did not receive such a necklace on her sixteenth birthday in 1917.

Tuesday, July 26, 2022

Alexandra's letter to Nicholas, dated May 4, 1915, and Nicholas's telegram, dated May 5, 1915

Sources:

Letters of the Tsaritsa to the Tsar, 1914-1916, published by Duckworth & Co., 1923



The letter:

No. 73.
Tsarskkoje Selo, May 4-th 1915
My own sweetest of Sweets,
You will read these lines before going to bed — remember Wify will be praying & thinking of you, oh so much, & miss you quite terribly. So sad we shall not spend your dear birthday together — the first time! May God bless you richly, give you strength and wisdom, consolation, health, peace of mind to continue bravely bearing your heavy crown — ah it is not an easy nor light cross He has placed upon yr. shoulders — would that I could help you carrying, in prayers & thoughts I ever do. I yearn to lessen yr. burden — so much you have had to suffer in those 20 years — & you were borne on the day of the longsuffering Job too, my poor Sweetheart. But God will help, I feel sure, but still much heartache, anxiety, & hard work have to be got through bravely, with resignation & trust in God's mercy, and unfathomable wisdom. Hard not to be able to give you a birthday tender kiss & blessing! — One gets at times so tired from suffering & anxiety & yearns for peace — oh when will it come I wonder! How many more months of bloodshed & misery? Sun comes after rain — & so our beloved country will see its golden days of prosperity after her earth is sodden with blood & tears — God is not unjust & I place all my trust in Him unwaveringly — but its such pain to see all the misery — to know not all work as they ought to, that petty personalities spoil often the the great cause for wh. they ought to work in unisson. Be firm, Lovy mine, show yr. own mind, let others feel you know what you wish. Remember you are the Emperor, & that others dare not take so much upon themselves — beginning by a mere detail, as the Nostitz story — he is in yr. suite & therefore N. has absolutely no right to give orders without asking your permission first.

If you did such a thing with one of his aide de camps without warning him, wld. he not set up a row & play the offended, etc. & without being sure, one cannot ruin a man's career like that. — Then, Deary, if a new Com. of the Nijegorodtzy is to be named, wont you propose Jagmin?

I meddle in things not concerning me — but its only a hint, — (& its your own regiment, so you can order whom you wish there).

See that the story of the Jews is carefully done, without unnecessary rows, not to provoke disturbances over the country. — Dont let one coax you into unnecessary nominations & rewards for the 6-th — many months are yet before us! — You cant fly off to Cholm to see Ivanov or stop on the way to see soldiers waiting to be sent to refill the regiments.

One longs that each of yr. journeys should not only be the joy for the Headquarters (without troops) — but for the soldiers, or wounded, more need strength from you & it does you good too. Do what you wish & not the Generals — yr. presence gives strength everywhere. —

Nicholas's telegram:

Telegram. Stavka. 5 May, 1915.
Have just arrived safely. Lovely weather. The woods are now quite green and smell delightful. Now I am off to church. Thanks for telegram. I embrace you tenderly.
Nicky.


Above: Nicholas and Alexandra. Photo courtesy of Ilya Grigoryev at lastromanovs on VK.

Monday, June 6, 2022

Pierre Gilliard on Alexandra's attempts to influence Nicholas and interfere in the politics of Russia and World War One

Sources:

Treize années à la cour de Russie: Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, pages 112 to 119, by Pierre Gilliard, 1921


Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, pages 136 to 143, by Pierre Gilliard, translated by F. Appelby Holt, 1921


The account:

La campagne souffrait des incessantes levées de troupes et des réquisitions; l'agriculture manquait de bras et de chevaux. Dans les villes la cherté de la vie augmentait avec le désarroi des chemins de fer et l'afflux des réfugiés. Les propos les plus pessimistes circulaient de bouche en bouche, on parlait de sabotage, de trahison... L'opinion russe si versatile, si portée aux excès dans la joie comme dans la tristesse, s'abandonnait aux plus sombres prévisions.

C'est au moment où la Russie traversait cette crise aiguë que Nicolas II résolut de prendre le commandement en chef de l'armée.

L'impératrice poussait depuis des mois l'empereur à cette détermination, mais il avait toujours résisté à ses instances, car il lui répugnait de relever le grand-duc Nicolas du commandement qu'il lui avait donné. Lorsque la guerre avait éclaté, son premier mouvement avait été de se mettre à la tête de l'armée, mais, cédant aux prières de ses ministres, il avait renoncé à son désir le plus cher. Il l'avait toujours regretté; et maintenant que les Allemands, après avoir conquis toute la Pologne, s'avançaient sur le soi russe, il lui semblait criminel de rester à l'arrière et de ne pas prendre une part plus active à la défense de son pays.

L'empereur était rentré le 11 juillet [1915] du G. Q. G. et il avait passé deux mois à Tsarskoïé-Sélo avant d'arriver à cette décision. Je transcris ici une conversation que j'eus avec lui le 16 juillet, parce qu'elle montre clairement quels étaient alors déjà les sentiments qui l'animaient. Il nous avait rejoints ce jour-là, Alexis Nicolaïévitch et moi, dans le parc, il venait de raconter à l'enfant quelques impressions de son récent voyage à l'armée et, se tournant vers moi, il ajouta:

— Vous ne sauriez vous figurer combien le séjour à l'arrière me pèse. Il semble que tout ici, jusqu'à l'air qu'on respire, détende les énergies et amollisse les caractères. Les bruits les plus pessimistes, les nouvelles les plus invraisemblables trouvent crédit et sont colportés dans tous les milieux. Ici on ne s'occupe que d'intrigues et de cabales, on ne vit que d'intérêts égoïstes et mesquins; là-bas on se bat et l'on meurt pour la patrie. Au front, un sentiment domine tout: la volonté de vaincre; le reste est oublié, et malgré les pertes, malgré les revers, on garde confiance... Tout homme capable de porter les armes devrait être à l'armée. Pour moi je ne puis attendre le moment où j'aurai rejoint mes troupes!

L'impératrice sut exploiter ce désir ardent; elle s'appliqua à vaincre les scrupules que certaines considérations pouvaient, d'autre part, inspirer. Elle souhaitait l'éloignement du grand-duc Nicolas qu'elle accusait de travailler sous main à ruiner le prestige de l'empereur et de chercher à provoquer à son profit une révolution de palais. En outre, sur la foi de renseignements qui lui étaient fournis par Mme Wyroubova, elle était persuadée que le G. Q. G. était le centre d'un complot qui avait pour but de s'emparer d'elle en l'absence de l'empereur, et de la reléguer dans un couvent. Le tsar avait pleine confiance dans la loyauté du grand-duc Nicolas, il le jugeait incapable de tout acte de félonie; mais il était porté à admettre sa complicité dans la cabale dirigée contre l'impératrice. Il ne céda toutefois que lorsque le sentiment impérieux qui le poussait à se mettre à la tête de l'armée fut devenu pour sa conscience une obligation. En s'engageant personnellement dans la lutte, il tint à montrer que la guerre serait conduite jusqu'au bout, et à affirmer sa foi inébranlable en la victoire finale. Il estima que c'était son devoir, dans cette heure tragique, de payer de sa personne et d'assumer, lui chef de l'État, toutes les responsabilités. Il voulut aussi, par sa présence au milieu d'elles, rendre confiance aux troupes dont le moral était lasses de se battre contre un ennemi dont la force principale consistait dans la supériorité de son armement.

Malgré les derniers reculs, le prestige militaire du grand-duc Nicolas était considérable en Russie. Pendant toute cette première année de guerre, il avait fait preuve de fermeté et de décision. Le fait de lui retirer son commandement au moment d'une défaite paraissait indiquer qu'on le tenait pour responsable et devait être interprété comme une sanction aussi injuste pour ses mérites qu'offensante pour son honneur. L'empereur s'en rendait compte et ne s'y était décidé qu'à contre-cœur. Il avait eu tout d'abord l'intention de garder le grand-duc auprès de lui au G. Q. C., mais cela aurait créé une situation délicate pour l'ex-généralissime; il prit le parti de le nommer lieutenant-général du Caucase et commandant en chef de l'armée opérant contre la Turque.

L'empereur fit part à ses ministres de sa résolution de prendre le commandement en chef de l'armée dans un Conseil qui eut lieu à Tsarskoïé-Sélo quelques jours avant son départ pour le G. Q. C. Cette nouvelle provoqua une véritable consternation chez la plupart des assistants, et ils s'efforcèrent de persuader l'empereur de renoncer à son projet. Ils lui montrèrent le grave inconvénient qu'il y aurait pour la bonne marche des affaires à ce qu'il fût, lui chef de l'État, presque constamment au G. Q. C., à plus de huit cents kilomètres du siège du gouvernement. Ils alléguèrent ses nombreuses occupations et lui demandèrent de ne se pas se charger de nouvelles et écrasantes responsabilités. Ils le supplièrent enfin de ne pas se mettre à la tête des troupes dans un moment aussi critique; c'était risquer de s'exposer, en cas d'insuccès, à des attaques qui ruineraient son prestige et son autorité. Mais l'empereur resta inébranlable. Plusieurs personnes de son entourage firent auprès de lui de nouvelles tentatives qui échouèrent également, et le 4 septembre au soir il partit pour Mohilef où se trouvait alors le G. Q. C. Le lendemain il signait le prikase par lequel il annonçait aux troupes qu'il assumait le commandement en chef et il ajoutait, au bas, de sa propre main: «... avec une foi absolue en la bonté de Dieu et une confiance inaltérable en la victoire finale, nous accomplirons notre devoir sacré en défendant jusqu'au bout notre Patrie et nous ne laisserons pas outrager le sol de la Russie.»

C'était réitérer le serment qu'il avait fait au début de la guerre et engager sa couronne dans la mêlée.

En France et en Angleterre, cette nouvelle causa une surprise qui n'était pas exempte d'une certaine appréhension, mais on vit dans cet acte un gage qui liait irrévocablement l'empire russe, en la personne de son souverain, au sort de l'Entente, et cela au moment où une série de défaites auraient pu faire craindre l'apparition de tendances séparatistes. Tous les grands journaux des pays alliés soulignèrent l'importance de cette décision. Elle allait avoir, espérait-on, une répercussion considérable sur le moral de l'armée russe et contribuer à l'obtention de la victoire finale. En Russie, toute la presse entonna un chant de triomphe, mais, en réalité, les avis sur l'opportunité de ce changement de commandement furent au début assez partagés. A l'armée, la présence de l'empereur contribua, nous le verrons, à relever le courage des soldats et donna aux troupes un nouvel élan.

L'histoire établira un jour quelles furent les conséquences politiques et militaires de cette mesure qui, de la part de l'empereur, fut un acte de courage et de foi.

Comme je l'avais craint, hélas! l'indifférence qu'on avait paru témoigner à Raspoutine durant l'hiver précédent n'avait été que momentanée et fut suivie, au moment des désastres de mai, d'une recrudescence de son influence qui ne fit qu'augmenter par la suite. Ce revirement s'explique aisément. Au début de la guerre, l'empereur et l'impératrice, tout pénétrés de la grandeur de leur devoir, avaient vécu des heures exaltées par l'amour qu'ils portaient à leur peuple, et qu'ils sentaient, en retour, monter de leur peuple jusqu'à eux. Cette fervente communion les avait remplis d'espoir; ils avaient eu le sentiment d'être vraiment le centre de ce grand mouvement national qui soulevait la Russie tout entière. Les événements militaires des mois qui suivirent n'avaient pas ébranlé leur courage; il[s] avaient gardé pleine et intacte leur foi en cette offensive du printemps qui devait amener le succès définitif des armes russes.

Aussi, lorsque se produisit la grande catastrophe, connurent-ils des jours d'indicible angoisse. Et l'impératrice, dans sa souffrance, devait être irrésistiblement poussée à chercher un appui moral auprès de celui en qui elle voyait alors déjà, non seulement le sauveur de son fils, mais aussi le représentant du peuple, envoyé par Dieu pour sauver la Russie et son tsar.

Ce n'est pas, comme on l'a dit, par ambition personnelle ou par soif de pouvoir, que l'impératrice avait commencé à s'occuper de politique. Le mobile qui l'y poussa était d'ordre tout sentimental. Elle adorait son mari comme elle idolâtrait ses enfants, et son besoin de se dévouer à ceux qu'elle aimait était infini. Son seul désir était d'être utile à l'empereur dans sa lourde tâche et de l'aider de ses conseils.

Convaincue que l'autocratie était le seul régime qui convînt à la Russie, l'impératrice estimait que de larges concessions libérales étaient prématurées. A son avis, seul un tsar en la personne duquel le pouvoir resterait centralisé était capable de galvaniser la masse inculte du peuple russe. Elle était persuadée que pour le moujik l'empereur était la représentation symbolique de l'unité, de la grandeur et de la gloire de la Russie, le chef de l'empire et l'oint du Seigneur. Toucher à ces prérogatives, c'était attenter à la foi du paysan russe, c'était risquer de précipiter le pays dans les pires catastrophes. Le tsar ne devait pas seulement régner, il devait gouverner l'État d'une main ferme et puissante.

L'impératrice apporta au nouveau devoir qu'elle s'imposait le même dévouement, la même vaillance, mais aussi, hélas! le même aveuglement qu'elle avait manifestés dans sa lutte pour la vie de son enfant. Elle fut conséquente dans son aberration. Persuadée, comme je l'ai dit plus haut, que la dynastie ne pouvait trouver d'appui que dans le peuple et que Raspoutine était l'élu de Dieu, — n'avait-elle pas éprouvé l'efficacité de ses prières pendant la maladie de son fils? — elle crut, dans sa confiance absolue, que cet humble paysan devait apporter le secours de ses lumières surnaturelles à celui qui tenait entre ses mains les destinées de l'empire des tsars. Fin et ruse comme il l'était, Raspoutine ne s'aventura qu'avec une extrême prudence à donner des conseils politiques. Il eut toujours soin de se faire très exactement renseigner sur tout ce qui se passait à la cour et sur les sentiments intimes des souverains. Ses paroles prophétiques ne venaient donc, le plus souvent, que confirmer les vœux secrets de l'impératrice. De fait, sans s'en douter, c'était elle qui inspirait «l'inspiré», mais ses propres désirs en passant par Raspoutine prenaient à ses yeux la force et l'autorité d'une révélation.

Avant la guerre, l'influence politique de l'impératrice ne s'exerça que de façon très intermittente; son action se borna surtout à provoquer l'éloignement de ceux qui s'étaient déclarés contre le staretz. Dans les premiers mois qui suivirent l'ouverture des hostilités, la situation ne se modifia guère, mais à partir des grands revers du printemps 1915, et surtout après que l'empereur eut assumé le commandement en chef des armées, l'impératrice, pour venir en aide à son époux qu'elle sentait toujours plus accablé sous le poids d'une responsabilité croissante, prit une part toujours plus grande aux affaires de l'État. Épuisée, comme elle l'était, elle n'aspirait qu'au repos; mais elle sacrifia sa quiétude personnelle à ce qu'elle crut être une obligation sacrée.

Très réservée, et cependant très spontanée, épouse et mère avant tout, l'impératrice ne se trouvait heureuse qu'au milieu des siens. Instruite et artiste, elle aimait la lecture et les arts. Elle se complaisait à la méditation et s'absorbait souvent dans une vie intérieure très intense dont elle ne sortait que lorsque le danger apparaissait, fonçant alors sur l'obstacle avec une ardeur passionnée. Elle était douée des plus belles qualités morales, et fut toujours guidée par les plus nobles inspirations. Mais la souffrance l'avait brisée, elle n'était plus que l'ombre d'elle-même et il lui arrivait souvent d'avoir des périodes d'extase mystique qui lui faisaient perdre la notice exacte des choses et des gens. Sa foi en la sainteté de Raspoutine le prouve surabondamment.

Et c'est ainsi que, voulant sauver son mari et l'enfant qu'elle aimait plus que tout au monde, elle forgea de ses propres mains l'instrument de leur perte.

English translation (by Holt):

The country was suffering from the incessant withdrawals of men and from requisition. Agriculture was short of labour and horses. In the towns the cost of living was rising with the disorganisation of the railways and the influx of refugees. The most pessimistic news passed from mouth to mouth. There was talk of sabotage, treason, etc. Russian public opinion, so changeable and prone to exaggeration whether in joy or sorrow, indulged in the most gloomy forebodings.

It was just when Russia was passing through this acute crisis that Nicholas II. decided to take the command of his armies in person.

For several months the Czarina had been urging the Czar to take this step, but he had stood out against her suggestion as he did not like the idea of relieving the Grand-Duke Nicholas of the post he had given him. When the war broke out his first impulse had been to put himself at the head of his army, but, yielding to the representations of his Ministers, he had abandoned an idea which was very close to his heart. He had always regretted it, and now that the Germans had conquered all Poland and were advancing on Russian soil, he considered it nothing less than criminal to remain away from the front and not take a more active part in the defence of his country.

The Czar had returned from G. H. Q. on July 11th [1915], and spent two months at Tsarskoïe-Selo before making up his mind to this new step. I will relate a conversation I had with him on July 16th, as it shows quite clearly what were the ideas that inspired him at that time. On that day he had joined Alexis Nicolaïevitch and myself in the park, and had just been telling his son something about his recent visit to the army. Turning to me, he added:

"You have no idea how depressing it is to be away from the front. It seems as if everything here saps energy and enfeebles resolution. The most pessimistic rumours and the most ridiculous stories are accepted and get about everywhere. Folk here care nothing except for intrigues and cabals, and regard low personal interests only. Out at the front, men fight and die for their country. At the front there is only one thought — the determination to conquer. All else is forgotten, and, in spite of our losses and our reverses, everyone remains confident. Any man fit to bear arms should be in the army. Speaking for myself, I can never be in too much of a hurry to be with my troops."

The Czarina was able to take advantage of this great ambition. She set herself to overcome the scruples which considerations of another character inspired. She desired the removal of the Grand-Duke Nicholas, whom she accused of secretly working for the ruin of the Czar's reputation and prestige and for a palace revolution which would further his own ends. On the strength of certain information she had received from Madame Wyroubova, she was also persuaded that G. H. Q. was the centre of a plot, the object of which was to seize her during the absence of her husband and confine her in a convent.

The Czar, on the other hand, had full confidence in the loyalty of the Grand-Duke Nicholas. He considered him incapable of any criminal action, but he was compelled to admit his complicity in the intrigue against the Czarina. Yet he did not give way until the imperious instinct urging him to put himself at the head of his army had become an obligation of conscience. By intervening personally in the struggle, he hoped to show the world that the war would be fought out to the bitter end and prove his own unshakable faith in ultimate victory. In this tragic hour he thought it was his duty to stake his own person, and as head of the state to assume the full burden of responsibility. By his presence among the troops he wished to restore their confidence, for their morale had been shaken by the long series of reverses, and they were tired of fighting against an enemy whose strength consisted principally in the superiority of his armament.

In spite of the recent retreats, the prestige of the Grand-Duke Nicholas was still considerable in Russia. During this [sic] first twelve months of the war, he had given proof of resolution and an iron will. The fact that he was deprived of his command in times of defeat indicated that he was held responsible, and was bound to be interpreted as a punishment, as unjust on the merits as insulting to his honour. The Czar fully realised all this, and only decided as he did much against his will. His first idea had been to keep the Grand-Duke with him at G. H. Q., but that would have made the position of the ex-Generalissimo somewhat delicate. The Czar decided to appoint him Lieutenant-General of the Caucasus and Commander-in-Chief of the army operating against the Turks.

The Czar communicated his decision to take over the Supreme Command to his Ministers at a council which took place at Tsarskoïe-Selo a few days before his departure for G. H. Q. The news threw most of those present into utter consternation, and they did their best to dissuade him from his project. They pointed to the grave difficulties in the way of public business if the head of the state was to spend practically all his time at G. H. Q., more than five hundred miles from the seat of government. They referred to his innumerable duties and asked him not to take new and crushing responsibilities upon himself. In the last resort they begged him not to place himself at the head of his troops at a moment so critical. In case of failure he was running a risk of exposing himself to attacks which would undermine his prestige and authority.

Yet the Czar was not to be moved. Several members of his immediate entourage made several further attempts to convince him, but these failed also, and on the evening of September 4th he left for Mohileff, where G. H. Q. was established at that time. The next day he signed the Prikaze, in which he announced to the troops that he was taking command in person, and at the foot he added in his own hand:

"With unshakable faith in the goodness of God and firm confidence in final victory, we shall accomplish our sacred duty in defending our Fatherland to the end, and we shall never let the soil of Russia be outraged."

He was repeating the oath he had taken at the outset of the war and casting his crown into the arena.

In France and England this announcement came as a surprise which was not without a certain element of apprehension, but this action was regarded as a pledge which irrevocably associated the Russian Empire, in the person of its Czar, with the fortunes of the Entente, and this at a moment when a series of defeats would have been grounds for fearing separatist tendencies. All the great newspapers of the Allied countries emphasised the importance of this decision. It was hoped that it would have a considerable effect on the morale of the Russian army and contribute to further the cause of final victory. In Russia the whole Press raised a shout of triumph, but in sober reality, opinion about the wisdom of changing the command was sharply divided at first. In the army itself we shall see that the presence of the Czar helped to raise the spirits and courage of the men and gave the campaign a new impetus.

History will some day reveal the political and military consequences of this step, which was certainly an act of courage and faith on the part of the Czar himself.

As I had feared, the apparent indifference with which Rasputin had been treated during the winter had only been temporary, and at the time of the disasters in May, there was a revival of his influence, which grew steadily stronger. The change is easily explained. At the beginning of the war, the Czar and Czarina were utterly obsessed by the greatness of their task, and had passed through hours of exaltation in the knowledge of the love they bore their people, a love they felt was reciprocated. That fervent communion had filled them with hope. They believed that they were really the centre of that great national movement which swept over the whole of Russia. The military events of the following months had not shaken their courage. They had maintained their ardent faith in that spring offensive which was to bring about the final success of the Russian armies.

When the great catastrophe followed, they passed through a time of unspeakable anguish. In her sorrow the Czarina was bound to feel impelled to seek moral support from him whom she already regarded not only as the saviour of her son, but as the representative of the people, sent by God to save Russia and her husband also.

It is not true that personal ambition or a thirst for power induced the Czarina to intervene in political affairs. Her motive was purely sentimental. She worshipped her husband as she worshipped her children, and there was no limit to her devotion for those she loved. Her only desire was to be useful to the Czar in his heavy task and to help him with her counsel.

Convinced that autocracy was the only form of government suited to the needs of Russia, the Czarina believed that any great concessions to liberal demands were premature. In her view the uneducated mass of the Russian people could be galvanised into action only by a Czar in whose person all power was centralised. She was certain that to the moujik the Czar was the symbol of the unity, greatness, and glory of Russia, the head of the state and the Lord's Anointed. To encroach on his prerogative was to undermine the faith of the Russian peasant and to risk precipitating the worst disasters for the country. The Czar must not merely rule: he must govern the state with a firm and mighty hand.

To the new task the Czarina brought the same devotion, courage, and, alas! blindness she had shown in her fight for the life of her son. She was at any rate logical in her errors. Persuaded, as she was, that the only support for the dynasty was the nation, and that Rasputin was God's elect (had she not witnessed the efficacy of his prayers during her son's illness?), she was absolutely convinced that this lowly peasant could use his supernatural powers to help him who held in his hands the fate of the empire of the Czars.

Cunning and astute as he was, Rasputin never advised in political matters except with the most extreme caution. He always took the greatest care to be very well informed as to what was going on at Court and as to the private feelings of the Czar and his wife. As a rule, therefore, his prophecies only confirmed the secret wishes of the Czarina. In fact, it was almost impossible to doubt that it was she who inspired the "inspired", but as her desires were interpreted by Rasputin, they seemed in her eyes to have the sanction and authority of a revelation.

Before the war the influence of the Czarina in political affairs had been but intermittent. It was usually confined to procuring the dismissal of anyone who declared his hostility to the staretz. In the first months of the war there had been no change in that respect, but after the great reverses in the spring of 1915, and more particularly after the Czar had assumed command of the army, the Czarina played an ever-increasing part in affairs of state because she wished to help her husband, who was overwhelmed with the burden of his growing responsibilities. She was worn out, and desired nothing more than peace and rest, but she willingly sacrificed her personal comfort to what she believed was a sacred duty.

Very reserved and yet very impulsive, the Czarina, first and foremost the wife and mother, was never happy except in the bosom of her family. She was artistic and well-educated, and liked reading and the arts. She was fond of meditation, and often became wholly absorbed in her own inward thoughts and feelings, an absorption from which she would only emerge when danger threatened. She would throw herself at the obstacle with all the ardour of a passionate nature. She was endowed with the finest moral qualities, and was always inspired by the highest ideals. But her sorrows had broken her. She was but the shadow of her former self, and she often had periods of mystic ecstasy in which she lost all sense of reality. Her faith in Rasputin proves it beyond a doubt.

It was thus that in her desire to save her husband and son, whom she loved more than life itself, she forged with her own hands the instrument of their undoing.


Above: Nicholas and Alexandra. Photo courtesy of Ilya Chishko at lastromanovs on VK.


Above: Pierre Gilliard.

Sunday, July 19, 2020

Alexandra's letter to Nicholas, dated December 12, 1914, and Nicholas's telegram

Sources:

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000011396573&view=1up&seq=87

http://www.alexanderpalace.org/letters/december14.html

Alexandra wrote this telegram to Nicholas on December 12, 1914, and he sent a telegram to her the next day.

The letter:

Moscou, Dec. 12-th 1914
My beloved Angel,
Once more we separate, but God grant shall meet again in 5 days. — I want to remind you to speak to Nikolasha about alowing officers to go on leave home to be treated and not to have them kept in towns, where by chance the sanitary train has brought them. — They will recover far quicker if can be near their families and some must finish their cures in the south to get their strength back, especially those wounded through the chest. — I am glad you will get one days rest in the train and being at the »Stavka« will freshen you up after these awful fatigues and endless receptions. One consolation, you have made 1000 wounded endlessly happy. — I shall try and keep a little quiet these days, more or less — as M. B. will be coming and the heart has been much enlarged these days. —

Lovy dear, why dont you nominate Groten for your hussars, they sorely are in need of a real commander.

Goodbye my treasure and sleep well, shall miss you horribly again. God bless and keep you. —

If you can, speak with Voyeikov and Benk about the Xmas-trees, for the wounded, and I shall to Viltchkovsky. Press you to my heart and kiss you ever and ever again with deepest tenderness.

Ever yr. very own
Wify.

In my glass cupboard over the writing table are candles in case you need them.

Nicholas's telegram:

Telegram.
Novoborissov. 13 December, 1914.
Saw to-day an echelon of recovered wounded, who are returning to the army. It is clear; 4 degrees of frost, without snow. Thanks for letters. Embrace all tenderly.
Nicky.


Above: Nicholas and Alexandra.

Monday, April 20, 2020

Alexandra's letter to Nicholas, dated October 25, 1914, and his telegrammed reply

Sources:

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000011396573&view=1up&seq=69

http://www.alexanderpalace.org/letters/october14.html

Alexandra wrote this letter to Nicholas on October 25, 1914; he replied via telegram the next day.

The letter:

Tsarskoje Selo, Oct. 25-th 1914
My own sweet Treasure,
Now you are off to Kholm and that will be nice and remind you of ten years ago. Loving thanks for your telegram — it was surely pleasant seeing your dear hussars, and the G. à Cheval in Reval. — After the hospital this morning we went into 2 private houses to see the wounded — always old patients of ours. Fredericks came to luncheon, really he had nothing to tell, brought several telegrams to show and looked pretty well. At ¼ to 2 we were at the barracks of the Mixed Regiment looked at the hospital arranged and had a Te Deum and blessed the rooms — the men looked very contented and the sun shone brightly upon them. From there we went to Pavlovsk, picked up Mavra who showed us over four hospitals. — Paul came to tea. He longs to go to the war, and so I am writing this to you with his knowledge, so as for you to think it over before you meet him again. All along he hoped you would take, but now he sees there is little chance, and to remain at home doing nothing drives him to exasperation. He would not like to go to Russky's staff as would be inconvenient, but if he might begin by going out to his former comrade Bezobrazov he would be delighted. Wont you speak this question over with Nikolasha? — Then we went to the evening service in the new Pestcherny Chapel under the existing one in the big Palace hospital. There was a Church there in Catherin's time; after that we sat with our wounded; many of them and all the nurses and ladies had been in Church. Gogoberidze the »Erivanetz« had just arrived. — Our Friend came for an hour in the evening; he will await your return and then go off for a little home. — He had seen M-me Muftizade who is in an awful state, and Ania was with her — it seems Lavrinovsky is ruining everything — sending off good Tartars to Turky and most unjust to all — so that they begged her to come to their Valideh to pour out their complaints, as they are truly devoted subjects. They would like Kniazhevitch to replace Lavrinovsky, and our Friend wishes me quickly to speak to Maklakov, as he says one must not waste time until your return. So I shall send for him, pardon my mixing in what does not concern me, but its for the good of the Crimea and then Maklakov can at once write a report to you to sign — if you cannot let Kniazhevitch leave the army now (tho' I think he would be of more use in the Crimea) then another must be found. I shall tell Maklakov that you and I spoke about Lavrinovsky already. He seems to be most brutal to the Tartars and its certainly not the moment when we have war with Turky to behave like that. Please don't be angry with me, and give me some sort of an answer by wire — that you »approve« or »regret« my mixing in — and whether you think Kniazhevitch a good candidate, it will quieten me; and I shall know how to speak to Masha Muftizade. — You remember he was angry she wished to see me about sending things to the regiment, and founded that Tartars must not show themselves in their dresses before us, and so on offending them constantly. He may do better in another government; I know Apraxin is of the same opinion, and was deeply grieved by the change he found. —

Its nearly one, must try and sleep. I saw Alia and husband at 10½, he joins Khan and Misha. —

26-th. We just returned from 2 hospitals, where saw wounded officers and the old Priest of your rifles from here, who got overtired and was sent back. — I enclose a letter from Olga for you to read (privately) and if you see her, can you give it back to her. I got another sweet letter from her to-day, so full of love, Dear Child, she does work so hard. Now, Loman's train (my name) will only be ready later, am so sorry. Wonder whether you will send for us anywhere, or whether we can get into Schulenburg's train, think he must return soon. — The weather is mild to-day and its gently snowing. Baby motored and then made a fire which he enjoyed. — The Children told you probably all about the Consecration of the Church (you must see it) and that we visited our officers afterwards. Egor gave me news you had seen him. — Thank God all goes so well in Turky — would that our fleet could have success. — I received M-me Kniazhevitch (wife lancer) who offered me money for 10 beds from my lancer ladies — and through her husband I got money from all the squadrons and shall get monthly too, to keep up 6 beds — too touching. —

Then M-me Dediulin came to thank for my note and you for the telegram which came so unexpected and touched her very deeply. —

Must end now my treasure. Goodbye and God bless you, sweetest, deeply missed one. I cover your precious face with tender kisses.
Ever your very own wife
Alix.

Our love to N. P.

Nicholas' telegram reply:

Telegram.
Brest. 26 October, 1914.
Spent the morning in Kholm; went to Mass and inspected a large Red Cross hospital. We passed Vlodava. The weather is calm, warm. I embrace you and the children closely.
Nicky.


Above: Nicholas and Alexandra.