Showing posts with label Slander and detraction of Alexandra. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Slander and detraction of Alexandra. Show all posts

Tuesday, February 7, 2023

Anna Vyrubova on wartime slander of Alexandra, 1915

Sources:

Memories of the Russian Court, pages 128 to 129 by Anna Vyrubova, 1923



Above: Alexandra.


Above: Anna Vyrubova.

The account:

By day the Empress continued her tireless work in the hospitals from which, by reason of my accident, I had long been excluded. ...

... No amount of devotion of the Empress to the wounded, sufficed to check the rapidly growing propaganda which sought to convict the Imperial Family and all its friends of being German spies. The fact that in England the Empress's brother-in-law, Prince Louis of Battenberg, German-born but a loyal Briton, was forced to resign his command in the British Navy was used with effect against the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. She knew and resented keenly this insane delusion, and she did everything in her power to overcome it. I remember a day when the Empress received a letter from her brother Ernest, Grand Duke of Hesse, in which he implored her to do something to improve the barbarous conditions of German prisoners in Russia. With streaming tears the Empress owned herself powerless to do anything at all in behalf of the unhappy captives. She had organized a committee for the relief of Russian prisoners in Germany, but this had been fiercely attacked, especially in the columns of Novy Vremya, an influential organ of the Constitutional Democratic Party. In this newspaper and in general society the Empress's committee was accused of being a mere camouflage gotten up to shield her real purpose of helping the Germans. Against such attacks the Empress had no defense. Her secretary, Count Rostovseff, indeed tried to refute the story concerning the Empress's prison-camp committee, but the editors of Novy Vremya insolently refused to publish his letter of explanation. ...

Monday, November 7, 2022

Alexandra's letter to Nicholas, dated June 16 and 17, 1915, and Nicholas's telegram and letter, dated June 16, 1915

Sources:

Letters of the Tsaritsa to the Tsar, 1914-1916, published by Duckworth & Co., 1923



The letter:

No. 88.
Tsarskoje Selo, June 16-th 1915
My beloved One,
Just a few words before the night. Your sweet smelling jasmin I put in my gospel — it reminded me of Peterhof. Its not like summer not being there. We dined out this evening, but came in after 9 as it was so damp. The afternoon I remained on the balkony — I wanted to go to Church in the evening, but felt too tired. The heart is, oh, so heavy & sad — I always remember what our Friend says & how often we do not enough heed His words.

He was so much against yr. going to the Headquarters, because people get round you there & make you do things, wh. would have been better not done — here the atmosphere in your own house is a healthier one & you would see things more rightly — if only you would come back quicker. I am not speaking because of a selfish feeling, but that here I feel quieter about you & there am in a constant dread what one is concocting — you see, I have absolutely no faith in N. — know him to be far fr. clever & having gone against a Man of God's, his work cant be blessed, nor his advice be good. — When Gr. heard in town yesterday before He left, that Samarin was named, already then people knew it — He was in utter despair, as He, the last evening here, a week ago to-day, begged you not to change him Sabler just now, but that soon one might perhaps find the right man — & now the Moscou set will be like a spiders net around us, our Friend's enemies are ours, & Schtcherbatov will make one with them, I feel sure. I beg your pardon for writing all this, but I am so wretched ever since I heard it & cant get calm — I see now why Gr. did not wish you to go there — here I might have helped you. People are affraid of my influence, Gr. said it (not to me) & Voyeikov, because they know I have a strong will & sooner see through them & help you being firm. I should have left nothing untried to dissuade you, had you been here, & I think God would have helped me & you would have remembered our Friend's words. When He says not to do a thing & one does not listen, one sees ones fault always afterwards. Only if he does accept, N. will try & get round him too against our Fr. thats N.'s campaign.

I entreat you, at the first talk with S. & when you see him, to speak very firmly — do my Love, for Russia's sake — Russia will not be blessed if her Sovereign lets a man of God's sent to help him — be persecuted, I am sure.

Tell him severely, with a strong & decided voice, that you forbid any intrigues against our Friend or talks about Him, or the slightest persecution, otherwise you will not keep him. That a true Servant dare not go against a man his Sovereign respects & venerates.

You know the bad part Moscou plays, tell it him all, his bosom friend S. I. Tiutchev spreads lies about the children, repeat this & that her poisonous untruths did much harm & you will not allow a repetition of it. Do not laugh at me, if you know the tears I have cried to-day, you would understand the gravity of it all. Its not woman's nonsense — but straight forward truth — I adore you far too deeply to tire you at such a time with [a] letter like this one, if it were not that soul & heart prompt me. We women have the instinct of the right sometimes Deary, & you know my love for yr. country wh. has become mine. You know what this war is to me in every sense — & that the man of God's who prays incessantly for you, might be in danger again of persecution — that God would not forgive us our weakness & sin in not protecting Him. — You know N's hatred for G. is intense. Speak once to Vojeikov, Deary, he understands such things because he is honestly devoted to you.

S. is a very conceited man, in summer I had occasion to see it, when I had that talk with him about the evacuation question — Rostov. & I carried off a most unpleasant impression of his selfsufficiency — blind adoration of Moscou & looking down upon Petersburg. The tone in wh. he spoke shocked Rost. greatly. That showed me him in another light, & I realised how unpleasant it wld. be to have to do with him. — When one proposed him for Alexei before, I unhesitatingly said no; for nothing such a narrowminded man. Our Church just needs the contrary — soul & not brain. — God Almighty may He help & put things aright, & hear our prayers and give you at last more confidence in yr. own wisdom, not listening to others, but to our Friend & yr. soul. Once more excuse this letter written with an aching heart & smarting eyes. Nothing is trivial now — all is grave. I venerate & love old Goremykin had I seen him, I know how I should have spoken — he is so franck with our Friend & does not grasp, that S. is your enemy if he goes & speaks against Gr. —

I am sure your poor dear heart aches more, is enlarged & needs drops. Please deary, walk less — I ruined mine walking at the shooting & in Finland before speaking to the Drs. & suffering mad pain, want of air, heartbeating. Take care of yourself — agoo wee one I hate being away fr. you, its my greatest punishment at this time especially — our first Friend gave me that Image with the bell to warn me against those, that are not right & it will keep them fr. approaching, I shall feel it & thus guard you from them — Even the family feel this & therefore try & get at you alone, when they know its something not right & I wont approve of. Its none of my doing, God wishes your poor wify to be your help, Gr. always says so & Mr. Ph. too — & I might warn you in time if I knew things. Well, now I can only pray & suffer. I press you tightly to my heart, gently stroke your brow, press my lips upon yr. eyes & mouth, kiss with love those dear hands wh. always are pulled away. I love you, love you & want yr. good, happiness & blessing. Sleep well & calm[l]y — I must try & sleep too, its nearly one oclock.

My train brought many wounded — Babys has fetched a lot from Varsovie where they empty out the hospitals. Oh God help. —

Lovy, remember, quicker the church procession, now during lent is just the most propicious moment, & absolutely from you, not by the new Chief Procurator of the Synod — I hope to go to holy Communion this lent, if B. does not prevent me. — Reading this letter you will say — one sees she is Ella's sister. But I cant put all in three words, I need heaps of pages to pour all out & poor Sunshine has to read this long yarn — but Sweetheart knows & loves his very own old wife. —

The boys from the college come & make bandages every morning at our stores here from 10-12½ & now will make the newest masks wh. are far more complicated but can be used often. — Our little officer with tetanos is recovering, looks decidedly better — his parents we sent for fr. the Caucasus & they live also under the colonnades — we have such a lot living there now. —

The exhibition-bazar goes very well, the first day there were over 2000, yesterday 800 — our things are bought before they appear — beforehand already people write down for them & we manage to work a cushion or cover each, daily. — Tatiana rode this evening 5½-7 — the others acted at Anias — the latter sends you the enclosed card she bought to-day at our exhibition — tell me to thank her. —

Poor Mitia Den is quite bad again & cannot walk at all, Sonia is going to take him near Odessa, Liman for a cure — so sad. —

June 17-th. Good morning, my Pet. Slept badly & heart enlarged, so lie the morning on bed & balkony — alas, no hospital, head too rather achy again. Churchbells ringing. — Shall finish after luncheon. Big girls go to town, Olga receives money then go to a hospital & tea at Elagin.

It is very hot & heavy air, but a colossal wind on the balkony, probably a thunderstorm in the air & that makes it difficult to breathe. I brought out roses, lilies of the valley & sweet peas to enjoy their perfume. I embroider all day for our exhibition-bazar. — Ah my Boy, my Boy, how I wish we were together — one is so tired at times, so weary from pain & anxiety — nigh upon 11 months — but then it was only the war, & now the interior questions wh. absorb one & the bad luck at the war, but God will help, when all seems blackest, I am sure better, sunnier days will come.

May the ministers only seriously work to-gether, fulfill your wishes & orders, & not their own — harmony under your guidance. Think more of Gr. Sweetheart, before every difficult moment, ask Him to intercede before God to guide you aright. —

A few days ago I wrote to you about Paul's conversation, to-day the Css. H. sends me Paleologue's answer: »Les impressions que S. A. S. le Gr. D. a rapportées de son entretien & que vous voulez bien me communiquer de sa part me touchent vivement. Elles confirment avec toute l'autorité possible, ce dont j'étais moralement certain, ce dont je n'ai jamais douté, ce dont je me suis toujours porté garant envers mon Gouvernement. A un pessimiste qui essayait récemment d'ébranler ma foi, j'ai répondu: «Ma conviction est d'autant plus forte qu'elle ne repose sur aucune promesse, sur aucun engagement. Dans les rares occasions, ou ces graves sujets ont été abordés devant moi, on ne m'a rien promis, on ne s'est engagé a rien; parceque toute assurance positive eut été superflue; parceque l'on se sentait compris, comme j'ose esperer avoir été compris moi-même. A certaines minutes solennelles, il y a des sincérités d'accent, des droitures de regard, où toute une conscience se révèle & qui valent tous les serments.« — Je n'en attache pas moins un très-haut prix au témoignage direct qui me vient de S. A. S. le Gr. D. Ma certitude personnelle n'en avait pas besoin. Mais, si je rencontre encore des incrédules, j'aurai désormais le droit de leur dire, non plus seulement: »Je crois, mais je sais.« — This was about the question of a separate peace negotiation. Have you spoken to Vojeikov about Danilov, please do so — only not to fat Orlov, who is N. kolossal friend — they correspond the whole time when you are here, B. knows it. That can mean no good. He grudges no doubt about Gr.'s visits to our house, & therefore wants you away from him, at the Head-Quarters. If they only knew how they harm instead of helping you, blind people with their hatred against Gr.! You remember dans »Les Amis de Dieu« it says, a country cannot be lost whose Sovereign is guided by a man of God's. Oh let Him guide you more.

Dmitri is feeling better, tho' his leg hurts him still. — The poor little Kazbek one answered, does not suffer from her broken arm too much, but is I think in a rather dazed state, therefore one has not yet told her about her husband's death. How full of life they were when N. P. was at their Wedding. — Now this letter has become volumes & will bore you to read, so I better end it. God bless & protect you & keep you from all harm, give you strength, courage & consolation in all trying moments. Am in thoughts living with you my Love, my one & all. I cover you with kisses & remain ever yr. tenderly & deeply loving old
Sunny.

All the Children kiss you. — Many messages to the old man & N. P. Khan Nahitchevanski comes to say goodbye to-morrow. —

Nicholas's telegram:

Telegram. Stavka. 16 June, 1915.
I thank you most warmly for your letter, also Marie and Alexey. It is very hot, but not sultry. Nothing new, but they are still pressing in some places. I kiss you all fondly.
Nicky.

Nicholas's letter:

Stavka. 16 June, 1915.
MY BELOVED SUNNY,
I thank you with all my heart for your sweet, long letter, in which you give me an account of your conversation with Paul. You gave perfectly correct answers on the questions of peace. That is precisely the chief point of my rescript to old Goremykin, which will be published.

With regard to Danilov, I think that the idea of his being a spy is not worth an empty eggshell. I am quite aware, too, that he is not liked, that he is even hated in the army, beginning with Ivanov and ending with the last officer. He has a terrible character, and is very harsh with his subordinates.

N. knows this, and from time to time puts him in his place; but he considers it impossible to dismiss him after 11 months of hard work — so well does this man know his duties.

Even Krivoshein spoke to me on this subject — he thinks, for instance, that N. ought to make alterations among his Staff, and choose other men in place of Yanoushkevitch and Danilov. I advised him to tell N. of it, which he did from his own point of view, naturally. He told me later that N. had obviously not liked his frankness.

The conference, which was held some days ago, dealt with three problems: the regime for the German and Austrian nationals who are still domiciled in Russia; the prisoners of war; the text of the above-mentioned rescript; and finally the soldiers of the Second Category. When I told them of my wish, that the men of 1917 should be called up, all the Ministers heaved a sigh of relief. N. agreed at once. Yanoushkevitch only asked that he might be allowed to work out the preparatory measures in case of necessity.

Of course, should the war continue for another year, we shall be obliged to call up some of the younger ages of the Second Category, but now it is not required. Yussoupov, whom I sent for, was present at the conference on the first question; we cooled his ardour slightly, and gave him some clear instructions. He caused some amusing moments when he was reading his reports of the Moscow riots — he became excited, shook his fists and banged them on the table.

I hope soon to go to Beloveje by car for a whole day, and to do it quite unexpectedly. The old man and Voeikov thank you very much. Well, I must break off this letter. God bless you, my darling Wify. Fondly I kiss you and the dear children.
Your
Nicky.


Above: Nicholas and Alexandra.


Above: Grigori Rasputin.

Notes: Alexandra often referred to Grigori Rasputin as "our Friend".

"our first Friend" = Philippe Nizier Vachot.

B. = Becker, a euphemism that Alexandra and her daughters used to refer to their menstrual periods.

Monday, September 5, 2022

Pierre Gilliard on Ella trying to persuade Alexandra to believe the truth about Rasputin and how it caused a rift between the two sisters (the account of their last meeting is a fabrication to slander Alexandra), year 1916

Sources:

Treize années à la cour de Russie: Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, pages 153 to 154, by Pierre Gilliard, 1921


Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, pages 181 to 182, by Pierre Gilliard, translated by F. Appelby Holt, 1921


The account:

De nombreuses tentatives avoient été faites auprès de l'impératrice — et par les personnes les plus chères à son cœur — pour tâcher de lui ouvrir les yeux sur la véritable personnalité de Raspoutine: elles étaient toutes venues se briser contre la foi absolue qu'elle avait en lui. Cependant la grande-duchesse Élisabeth Féodorovna voulut encore, en cette heure tragique, tenter un dernier effort auprès de sa sœur. Elle vint de Moscou avec l'intention de passer quelques jours à Tsarskoïé-Sélo au milieu de ceux qu'elle chérissait profondement. La grande-duchesse Élisabeth était de neuf ans plus âgée que l'impératrice et avait pour elle une tendresse presque maternelle. C'est chez elle, on se le rappelle, que la jeune princesse avait fait son premier séjour en Russie; c'est elle qui, au début du règne d'Alexandra Féodorovna, l'avait entourée de ses conseils et de sa sollicitude attentive. Si souvent, déjà, elle avait essayé de désabuser sa sœur sans y parvenir! Pourtant elle espérait que, cette fois, Dieu lui donnerait la force de persuasion qui lui avait fait défaut jusque-là et lui permettrait de prévenir l'effroyable catastrophe qu'elle sentait imminente.

Dès son arrivée à Tsarskoïé-Sélo, elle parla à l'impératrice, s'efforçant, avec tout l'amour qu'elle lui portait, de lui faire comprendre enfin son aveuglement, la suppliant d'écouter ses avertissements, pour le salut des siens et de son pays. L'impératrice resta inébranlable dans sa confiance: elle comprenait le sentiment qui poussait sa sœur à cette démarche, mais elle éprouvait une peine infinie à voir ajouter foi aux calomnies de ceux qui cherchaient à perdre le staretz, et elle la pria de ne plus revenir sur ce sujet. Comme la grande-duchesse insistait, l'impératrice coupa court. L'entrevue était désormais sans objet.

Quelques heures plus tard, la grande-duchesse reprenait le chemin de Moscou, la mort dans l'âme. L'impératrice et ses filles l'accompagnèrent à la gare. Les deux sœurs se séparèrent: elles gardaient intact le sentiment de tendresse infinie que les unissait depuis leur enfance, mais elles comprenaient qu'entre elles quelque chose venait de se briser. Elles ne devaient plus se revoir.

English translation (by Holt):

Many attempts had been made, even by the Czarina's greatest friends at Court, to open her eyes to the true character of Rasputin. They had all collapsed against the blind faith she had in him. But in this tragic hour the Grand-Duchess Elisabeth Feodorovna wished to make one last effort to save her sister. She came from Moscow, intending to spend a few days at Tsarskoïe-Selo with the relations she loved so dearly. She was nine years older than her sister, and felt an almost maternal tenderness for her. It was at her house, it will be remembered, that the young princess had stayed on her first visit to Russia. It was she who had helped Alexandra Feodorovna with wise advice and surrounded her with every attention when she started her reign. She had often tried to open her sister's eyes before, but in vain. Yet this time she hoped that God would give her the powers of persuasion which had hitherto failed her, and enable her to avert the terrible catastrophe she felt was imminent.

As soon as she arrived at Tsarskoïe-Selo she spoke to the Czarina, trying with all the love she bore her to convince her of her blindness, and pleading with her to listen to her warnings for the sake of her family and her country.

The Czarina's confidence was not to be shaken. She realised the feelings which had impelled her sister to take this step, but she was terribly grieved to find her accepting the lying stories of those who desired to ruin the staretz, and she asked her never to mention the subject again. As the Grand-Duchess persisted, the Czarina broke off the conversation. The interview was then objectless.

A few hours later the Grand-Duchess left for Moscow, death in her heart. The Czarina and her daughters accompanied her to the station. The two sisters took leave of each other. The tender affection which had associated them since their childhood was still intact, but they realised that there was a broken something lying between them.

They were never to see each other again.


Above: Alexandra.


Above: Ella.


Above: Grigori Rasputin.


Above: Pierre Gilliard.

Sunday, August 7, 2022

Pierre Gilliard on family visits to General Headquarters (Stavka), more on Alexandra and family life during the war year 1915, and on slander of Alexandra

Sources:

Treize années à la cour de Russie: Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, pages 138 to 144, by Pierre Gilliard, 1921


Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, pages 166 to 171, by Pierre Gilliard, translated by F. Appelby Holt, 1921


The account:

L'impératrice et les grandes-duchesses faisaient de temps en temps de courtes visites au G. Q. G. Elles logeaient dans leur train, assistaient au déjeuner de l'empereur et prenaient part à nos promenades. Le tsar, en échange, dînait chez l'impératrice et, quand il le pouvait, passait une partie de la soirée avec les siens. Les grandes-duchesses appréciaient fort ces visites à Mohilef, — toujours trop brèves à leur gré, — qui venaient apporter un petit changement à leur vie monotone et austère. Elles y jouissaient de beaucoup plus de liberté qu'à Tsarskoïé-Sélo. ...

Malheureusement la vie à Mohilef apportait un sérieux retard aux études d'Alexis Nicolaïévitch; en outre, elle était nuisible à sa santé. Il y recevait des impressions trop nombreuses et trop violentes pour une nature aussi délicate que la sienne. Il devenait nerveux, distrait, incapable de tout travail fructueux. Je fis part de mes observations à l'empereur. Tout en reconnaissant leur bien-fondé, il m'objecta que ces inconvénients étaient compensés par le fait qu'Alexis Nicolaïévitch perdait sa timidité et sa sauvagerie naturelles et que du spectacle des misères auxquelles il aurait assisté, il garderait, sa vie durant, une horreur salutaire de la guerre. Mais plus notre séjour au front se prolongeait, plus je me rendais compte du préjudice qui en résultait pour le tsarévitch. Ma position devenait difficile et à deux ou trois reprises j'avais dû intervenir très énergiquement auprès de l'enfant. J'eus le sentiment que l'empereur ne m'approuvait pas entièrement et qu'il ne me soutenait pas autant qu'il aurait pu le faire. ...

Dès mon arrivée à Tsarskoïé-Sélo, l'impératrice me fît appeler et j'eus avec elle un long entretien au cours duquel je m'efforçai de lui montrer les graves inconvénients qui résultaient pour Alexis Nicolaïévitch de ces longs séjours au front. Elle me répondit que l'empereur et elle s'en rendaient bien compte, mais qu'ils estimaient qu'il valait mieux sacrifier momentanément l'instruction de leur fils, au risque même de nuire à sa santé, que de le priver du bénéfice qu'il retirait d'autre part de sa vie à Mohilef. Elle me dit, avec une franchise qui m'étonna, que l'empereur avait tant souffert toute sa vie de sa timidité naturelle et du fait qu'ayant été tenu trop à l'écart il s'était trouvé, à la mort subite d'Alexandre III, fort mal préparé à son rôle de souverain, qu'il s'était promis d'éviter avant tout ces mêmes fautes dans l'éducation de son fils. Je compris que je me heurtais à une résolution bien arrêtée dans l'esprit des souverains et que je ne parviendrais pas à la modifier; il fut convenu néanmoins que les leçons d'Alexis Nicolaïévitch reprendraient d'une façon plus régulière à partir du mois de septembre et que je serais secondé dans mon travail.

Notre conversation terminée, l'impératrice me retint à dîner, j'étais ce soir-là le seul invité. Après le repas, nous sortîmes sur la terrasse; c'était une belle soirée d'été calme et chaude. Sa Majesté s'était étendue sur sa chaise longue et tricotait, ainsi que deux de ses filles, des vêtements de laine pour les soldats. Les deux autres grandes-duchesses travaillaient à l'aiguille. Le principal sujet de notre conversation fut naturellement Alexis Nicolaïévitch sur les faits et gestes duquel elles ne se lassaient pas de me questionner. Je passai ainsi une heure en leur compagnie dans ce cadre simple et paisible, mêlé tout à coup à l'intimité de cette vie familiale où l'étiquette ne m'avait permis de pénétrer que d'une façon si incomplète et si rare. ...

Égaré par les faux renseignements de ceux qui abusaient de sa confiance, le tsar crut voir dans l'opposition de la Douma le résultat de menées révolutionnaires et, mal conseillé, il s'imagina pouvoir rétablir son autorité par des mesures qui ne firent qu'augmenter le mécontentement général.

Mais c'est surtout contre l'impératrice qu'on menait campagne. Les pires insinuations circulaient sur son compte et commençaient à trouver crédit même dans les cercles qui jusqu'alors les avaient repoussées avec mépris. La présence de Raspoutine à la cour causait, comme je l'avais prévu, un préjudice sans cesse grandissant au prestige des souverains et donnait lieu aux commentaires les plus malveillants. On ne s'en tenait pas aux attaques dirigées contre la vie privée de l'impératrice, on l'accusait ouvertement de germanophilie et on laissait entendre que ses sympathies pour l'Allemagne pouvaient devenir un danger pour le pays. Le mot de trahison n'était pas encore sur les lèvres, mais des sous-entendus pleins de réticences montraient que le soupçon s'était implanté dans beaucoup d'esprits. C'était là, je le savais, le résultat de la propagande et des intrigues allemandes.

... Le gouvernement de Berlin s'était rendu compte, en automne 1915, qu'il ne viendrait jamais à bout de la Russie tant qu'elle resterait unie autour de son tsar, et que, depuis ce moment-là, il n'avait plus eu qu'une pensée: provoquer la révolution qui amènerait la chute de Nicolas II. En raison des difficultés qu'ils rencontraient à atteindre directement le tsar, les Allemands avaient tourné leurs efforts contre l'impératrice, et commencé sous main contre elle une campagne de diffamation très habilement conduite qui n'avait pas tardé à produire ses effets. Ils n'avaient reculé devant aucune calomnie. Ils avaient repris le procédé classique qui a fait ses preuves au cours de l'histoire, et qui consiste à frapper le monarque en la personne de la souveraine: il est en effet toujours plus facile de nuire à la réputation d'une femme, surtout quand elle est étrangère. Comprenant tout le parti qu'ils pouvaient tirer du fait que l'impératrice était une princesse allemande, ils avaient cherché, par de très habiles provocations, à la faire passer pour traître à la Russie. C'était le meilleur moyen de la compromettre aux yeux de la nation. Cette accusation avait trouvé un accueil favorable dans certains milieux russes et était devenue une arme redoutable contre la dynastie.

L'impératrice était au courant de la campagne menée contre elle et elle en souffrait comme d'une profonde injustice, car elle avait accepté sa nouvelle patrie, de même que sa nouvelle religion, avec tout l'élan de son cœur: elle était russe de sentiments comme elle était orthodoxe de convictions.

English translation (by Holt):

From time to time the Czarina and the Grand-Duchesses paid short visits to G. H. Q. They lived in their train, but joined the Czar at lunch and came with us on our excursions. The Czar in return dined with the Czarina and spent part of the evening with his family whenever he could. The Grand-Duchesses greatly enjoyed these visits to Mohileff — all too short to their taste — which meant a little change in their monotonous and austere lives. They had far more freedom there than at Tsarskoïe-Selo. ...

Unfortunately, life at Mohileff grievously interrupted Alexis Nicolaïevitch's studies and was also bad for his health. The impressions he gained there were too numerous and exciting for so delicate a nature as his. He became nervous, fretful, and incapable of useful work. I told the Czar what I thought. He admitted that my objections were well founded, but suggested that these drawbacks were compensated for by the fact that his son was losing his timidity and natural wildness, and that the sight of all the misery he had witnessed would give him a salutary horror of war for the rest of his life.

But the longer we stayed at the front the stronger was my conviction that it was doing the Czarevitch a lot of harm. My position was becoming difficult, and on two or three occasions I had to take strong steps with the boy. I had an idea that the Czar did not entirely approve, and did not back me up as much as he might have done. ...

As soon as I arrived at Tsarskoïe-Selo the Czarina summoned me, and I had a long talk with her, in the course of which I tried to show the grave disadvantages for Alexis Nicolaïevitch of his long visits to the front. She replied that the Czar and herself quite realised them, but thought that it was better to sacrifice their son's education temporarily, even at the risk of injuring his health, than to deprive him of the other benefits he was deriving from his stay at Mohileff. With a candour which utterly amazed me she said that all his life the Czar suffered terribly from his natural timidity and from the fact that as he had been kept too much in the background he had found himself badly prepared for the duties of a ruler on the sudden death of Alexander III. The Czar had vowed to avoid the same mistakes in the education of his son.

I realised that I had come up against a considered decision, and was not likely to secure any modification. All the same, it was agreed that Alexis Nicolaïevitch's lessons should be resumed on a more regular plan at the end of September, and that I should receive some assistance in my work.

When our conversation was over the Czarina made me stay behind to dinner. I was the only guest that evening. After the meal we went out on the terrace. It was a beautiful summer evening, warm and still. Her Majesty was stretched on a sofa, and she and two of her daughters were knitting woollen clothing for the soldiers. The two other Grand-Duchesses were sewing. Alexis Nicolaïevitch was naturally the principal topic of conversation. They never tired of asking me what he did and said. I spent an hour thus in this homely and quiet circle, suddenly introduced into the intimacy of that family life which etiquette had forbidden me from entering, save in this casual and rare fashion. ...

Frightened by the false reports of those who abused his confidence, the Czar began to regard the opposition of the Duma as the result of revolutionary agitation, and thought he could re-establish his authority by measures which only swelled the general discontent.

But it was the Czarina who was the special object of attack. The worst insinuations about her conduct had gained currency and were believed even by circles which hitherto had rejected them with scorn. As I have said, the presence of Rasputin at Court was a growing blot on the prestige of the sovereigns, and gave rise to the most malicious comments. It was not as if the critics confined themselves to attacks upon the private life of the Czarina. She was openly accused of Germanophile sympathies, and it was suggested that her feelings for Germany could become a danger to the country. The word "treason" was not yet heard, but guarded hints showed that the suspicion had been planted in a good many heads. I knew that all this was the result of German propaganda and intrigues.

... In the autumn of 1915 the Berlin Government had realised that they could never overthrow Russia as long as she stood united round her Czar, and that from that moment her one idea had been to provoke a revolution which would involve the fall of Nicholas II. In view of the difficulties of attacking the Czar directly, the Germans had concentrated their efforts against the Czarina and began a subterranean campaign of defamation against her. It was skilfully planned and began to show results before long. They had stopped at nothing in the way of calumny. They had adopted the classic procedure, so well known to history, of striking the monarch in the person of his consort. It is, of course, always easier to damage the reputation of a woman, especially when she is a foreigner. Realising all the advantages to be derived from the fact that the Czarina was a German princess, they had endeavoured to suggest very cunningly that she was a traitor to Russia. It was the best method of compromising her in the eyes of the nation. The accusation had been favourably received in certain quarters in Russia and had become a formidable weapon against the dynasty.

The Czarina knew all about the campaign in progress against her and it pained her as a most profound injustice, for she had accepted her new country, as she had adopted her new faith, with all the fervour of her nature. She was Russian by sentiment as she was orthodox by conviction.


Above: Alexandra. Photo courtesy of Ilya Grigoryev at lastromanovs on VK.


Above: Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia. Photo courtesy of Ilya Grigoryev at lastromanovs on VK.


Above: Nicholas. Photo courtesy of Ilya Grigoryev at lastromanovs on VK.


Above: Pierre Gilliard with Alexei. Photo courtesy of Ilya Grigoryev at lastromanovs on VK.

Monday, June 6, 2022

Pierre Gilliard on Alexandra's attempts to influence Nicholas and interfere in the politics of Russia and World War One

Sources:

Treize années à la cour de Russie: Le tragique destin de Nicolas II et de sa famille, pages 112 to 119, by Pierre Gilliard, 1921


Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, pages 136 to 143, by Pierre Gilliard, translated by F. Appelby Holt, 1921


The account:

La campagne souffrait des incessantes levées de troupes et des réquisitions; l'agriculture manquait de bras et de chevaux. Dans les villes la cherté de la vie augmentait avec le désarroi des chemins de fer et l'afflux des réfugiés. Les propos les plus pessimistes circulaient de bouche en bouche, on parlait de sabotage, de trahison... L'opinion russe si versatile, si portée aux excès dans la joie comme dans la tristesse, s'abandonnait aux plus sombres prévisions.

C'est au moment où la Russie traversait cette crise aiguë que Nicolas II résolut de prendre le commandement en chef de l'armée.

L'impératrice poussait depuis des mois l'empereur à cette détermination, mais il avait toujours résisté à ses instances, car il lui répugnait de relever le grand-duc Nicolas du commandement qu'il lui avait donné. Lorsque la guerre avait éclaté, son premier mouvement avait été de se mettre à la tête de l'armée, mais, cédant aux prières de ses ministres, il avait renoncé à son désir le plus cher. Il l'avait toujours regretté; et maintenant que les Allemands, après avoir conquis toute la Pologne, s'avançaient sur le soi russe, il lui semblait criminel de rester à l'arrière et de ne pas prendre une part plus active à la défense de son pays.

L'empereur était rentré le 11 juillet [1915] du G. Q. G. et il avait passé deux mois à Tsarskoïé-Sélo avant d'arriver à cette décision. Je transcris ici une conversation que j'eus avec lui le 16 juillet, parce qu'elle montre clairement quels étaient alors déjà les sentiments qui l'animaient. Il nous avait rejoints ce jour-là, Alexis Nicolaïévitch et moi, dans le parc, il venait de raconter à l'enfant quelques impressions de son récent voyage à l'armée et, se tournant vers moi, il ajouta:

— Vous ne sauriez vous figurer combien le séjour à l'arrière me pèse. Il semble que tout ici, jusqu'à l'air qu'on respire, détende les énergies et amollisse les caractères. Les bruits les plus pessimistes, les nouvelles les plus invraisemblables trouvent crédit et sont colportés dans tous les milieux. Ici on ne s'occupe que d'intrigues et de cabales, on ne vit que d'intérêts égoïstes et mesquins; là-bas on se bat et l'on meurt pour la patrie. Au front, un sentiment domine tout: la volonté de vaincre; le reste est oublié, et malgré les pertes, malgré les revers, on garde confiance... Tout homme capable de porter les armes devrait être à l'armée. Pour moi je ne puis attendre le moment où j'aurai rejoint mes troupes!

L'impératrice sut exploiter ce désir ardent; elle s'appliqua à vaincre les scrupules que certaines considérations pouvaient, d'autre part, inspirer. Elle souhaitait l'éloignement du grand-duc Nicolas qu'elle accusait de travailler sous main à ruiner le prestige de l'empereur et de chercher à provoquer à son profit une révolution de palais. En outre, sur la foi de renseignements qui lui étaient fournis par Mme Wyroubova, elle était persuadée que le G. Q. G. était le centre d'un complot qui avait pour but de s'emparer d'elle en l'absence de l'empereur, et de la reléguer dans un couvent. Le tsar avait pleine confiance dans la loyauté du grand-duc Nicolas, il le jugeait incapable de tout acte de félonie; mais il était porté à admettre sa complicité dans la cabale dirigée contre l'impératrice. Il ne céda toutefois que lorsque le sentiment impérieux qui le poussait à se mettre à la tête de l'armée fut devenu pour sa conscience une obligation. En s'engageant personnellement dans la lutte, il tint à montrer que la guerre serait conduite jusqu'au bout, et à affirmer sa foi inébranlable en la victoire finale. Il estima que c'était son devoir, dans cette heure tragique, de payer de sa personne et d'assumer, lui chef de l'État, toutes les responsabilités. Il voulut aussi, par sa présence au milieu d'elles, rendre confiance aux troupes dont le moral était lasses de se battre contre un ennemi dont la force principale consistait dans la supériorité de son armement.

Malgré les derniers reculs, le prestige militaire du grand-duc Nicolas était considérable en Russie. Pendant toute cette première année de guerre, il avait fait preuve de fermeté et de décision. Le fait de lui retirer son commandement au moment d'une défaite paraissait indiquer qu'on le tenait pour responsable et devait être interprété comme une sanction aussi injuste pour ses mérites qu'offensante pour son honneur. L'empereur s'en rendait compte et ne s'y était décidé qu'à contre-cœur. Il avait eu tout d'abord l'intention de garder le grand-duc auprès de lui au G. Q. C., mais cela aurait créé une situation délicate pour l'ex-généralissime; il prit le parti de le nommer lieutenant-général du Caucase et commandant en chef de l'armée opérant contre la Turque.

L'empereur fit part à ses ministres de sa résolution de prendre le commandement en chef de l'armée dans un Conseil qui eut lieu à Tsarskoïé-Sélo quelques jours avant son départ pour le G. Q. C. Cette nouvelle provoqua une véritable consternation chez la plupart des assistants, et ils s'efforcèrent de persuader l'empereur de renoncer à son projet. Ils lui montrèrent le grave inconvénient qu'il y aurait pour la bonne marche des affaires à ce qu'il fût, lui chef de l'État, presque constamment au G. Q. C., à plus de huit cents kilomètres du siège du gouvernement. Ils alléguèrent ses nombreuses occupations et lui demandèrent de ne se pas se charger de nouvelles et écrasantes responsabilités. Ils le supplièrent enfin de ne pas se mettre à la tête des troupes dans un moment aussi critique; c'était risquer de s'exposer, en cas d'insuccès, à des attaques qui ruineraient son prestige et son autorité. Mais l'empereur resta inébranlable. Plusieurs personnes de son entourage firent auprès de lui de nouvelles tentatives qui échouèrent également, et le 4 septembre au soir il partit pour Mohilef où se trouvait alors le G. Q. C. Le lendemain il signait le prikase par lequel il annonçait aux troupes qu'il assumait le commandement en chef et il ajoutait, au bas, de sa propre main: «... avec une foi absolue en la bonté de Dieu et une confiance inaltérable en la victoire finale, nous accomplirons notre devoir sacré en défendant jusqu'au bout notre Patrie et nous ne laisserons pas outrager le sol de la Russie.»

C'était réitérer le serment qu'il avait fait au début de la guerre et engager sa couronne dans la mêlée.

En France et en Angleterre, cette nouvelle causa une surprise qui n'était pas exempte d'une certaine appréhension, mais on vit dans cet acte un gage qui liait irrévocablement l'empire russe, en la personne de son souverain, au sort de l'Entente, et cela au moment où une série de défaites auraient pu faire craindre l'apparition de tendances séparatistes. Tous les grands journaux des pays alliés soulignèrent l'importance de cette décision. Elle allait avoir, espérait-on, une répercussion considérable sur le moral de l'armée russe et contribuer à l'obtention de la victoire finale. En Russie, toute la presse entonna un chant de triomphe, mais, en réalité, les avis sur l'opportunité de ce changement de commandement furent au début assez partagés. A l'armée, la présence de l'empereur contribua, nous le verrons, à relever le courage des soldats et donna aux troupes un nouvel élan.

L'histoire établira un jour quelles furent les conséquences politiques et militaires de cette mesure qui, de la part de l'empereur, fut un acte de courage et de foi.

Comme je l'avais craint, hélas! l'indifférence qu'on avait paru témoigner à Raspoutine durant l'hiver précédent n'avait été que momentanée et fut suivie, au moment des désastres de mai, d'une recrudescence de son influence qui ne fit qu'augmenter par la suite. Ce revirement s'explique aisément. Au début de la guerre, l'empereur et l'impératrice, tout pénétrés de la grandeur de leur devoir, avaient vécu des heures exaltées par l'amour qu'ils portaient à leur peuple, et qu'ils sentaient, en retour, monter de leur peuple jusqu'à eux. Cette fervente communion les avait remplis d'espoir; ils avaient eu le sentiment d'être vraiment le centre de ce grand mouvement national qui soulevait la Russie tout entière. Les événements militaires des mois qui suivirent n'avaient pas ébranlé leur courage; il[s] avaient gardé pleine et intacte leur foi en cette offensive du printemps qui devait amener le succès définitif des armes russes.

Aussi, lorsque se produisit la grande catastrophe, connurent-ils des jours d'indicible angoisse. Et l'impératrice, dans sa souffrance, devait être irrésistiblement poussée à chercher un appui moral auprès de celui en qui elle voyait alors déjà, non seulement le sauveur de son fils, mais aussi le représentant du peuple, envoyé par Dieu pour sauver la Russie et son tsar.

Ce n'est pas, comme on l'a dit, par ambition personnelle ou par soif de pouvoir, que l'impératrice avait commencé à s'occuper de politique. Le mobile qui l'y poussa était d'ordre tout sentimental. Elle adorait son mari comme elle idolâtrait ses enfants, et son besoin de se dévouer à ceux qu'elle aimait était infini. Son seul désir était d'être utile à l'empereur dans sa lourde tâche et de l'aider de ses conseils.

Convaincue que l'autocratie était le seul régime qui convînt à la Russie, l'impératrice estimait que de larges concessions libérales étaient prématurées. A son avis, seul un tsar en la personne duquel le pouvoir resterait centralisé était capable de galvaniser la masse inculte du peuple russe. Elle était persuadée que pour le moujik l'empereur était la représentation symbolique de l'unité, de la grandeur et de la gloire de la Russie, le chef de l'empire et l'oint du Seigneur. Toucher à ces prérogatives, c'était attenter à la foi du paysan russe, c'était risquer de précipiter le pays dans les pires catastrophes. Le tsar ne devait pas seulement régner, il devait gouverner l'État d'une main ferme et puissante.

L'impératrice apporta au nouveau devoir qu'elle s'imposait le même dévouement, la même vaillance, mais aussi, hélas! le même aveuglement qu'elle avait manifestés dans sa lutte pour la vie de son enfant. Elle fut conséquente dans son aberration. Persuadée, comme je l'ai dit plus haut, que la dynastie ne pouvait trouver d'appui que dans le peuple et que Raspoutine était l'élu de Dieu, — n'avait-elle pas éprouvé l'efficacité de ses prières pendant la maladie de son fils? — elle crut, dans sa confiance absolue, que cet humble paysan devait apporter le secours de ses lumières surnaturelles à celui qui tenait entre ses mains les destinées de l'empire des tsars. Fin et ruse comme il l'était, Raspoutine ne s'aventura qu'avec une extrême prudence à donner des conseils politiques. Il eut toujours soin de se faire très exactement renseigner sur tout ce qui se passait à la cour et sur les sentiments intimes des souverains. Ses paroles prophétiques ne venaient donc, le plus souvent, que confirmer les vœux secrets de l'impératrice. De fait, sans s'en douter, c'était elle qui inspirait «l'inspiré», mais ses propres désirs en passant par Raspoutine prenaient à ses yeux la force et l'autorité d'une révélation.

Avant la guerre, l'influence politique de l'impératrice ne s'exerça que de façon très intermittente; son action se borna surtout à provoquer l'éloignement de ceux qui s'étaient déclarés contre le staretz. Dans les premiers mois qui suivirent l'ouverture des hostilités, la situation ne se modifia guère, mais à partir des grands revers du printemps 1915, et surtout après que l'empereur eut assumé le commandement en chef des armées, l'impératrice, pour venir en aide à son époux qu'elle sentait toujours plus accablé sous le poids d'une responsabilité croissante, prit une part toujours plus grande aux affaires de l'État. Épuisée, comme elle l'était, elle n'aspirait qu'au repos; mais elle sacrifia sa quiétude personnelle à ce qu'elle crut être une obligation sacrée.

Très réservée, et cependant très spontanée, épouse et mère avant tout, l'impératrice ne se trouvait heureuse qu'au milieu des siens. Instruite et artiste, elle aimait la lecture et les arts. Elle se complaisait à la méditation et s'absorbait souvent dans une vie intérieure très intense dont elle ne sortait que lorsque le danger apparaissait, fonçant alors sur l'obstacle avec une ardeur passionnée. Elle était douée des plus belles qualités morales, et fut toujours guidée par les plus nobles inspirations. Mais la souffrance l'avait brisée, elle n'était plus que l'ombre d'elle-même et il lui arrivait souvent d'avoir des périodes d'extase mystique qui lui faisaient perdre la notice exacte des choses et des gens. Sa foi en la sainteté de Raspoutine le prouve surabondamment.

Et c'est ainsi que, voulant sauver son mari et l'enfant qu'elle aimait plus que tout au monde, elle forgea de ses propres mains l'instrument de leur perte.

English translation (by Holt):

The country was suffering from the incessant withdrawals of men and from requisition. Agriculture was short of labour and horses. In the towns the cost of living was rising with the disorganisation of the railways and the influx of refugees. The most pessimistic news passed from mouth to mouth. There was talk of sabotage, treason, etc. Russian public opinion, so changeable and prone to exaggeration whether in joy or sorrow, indulged in the most gloomy forebodings.

It was just when Russia was passing through this acute crisis that Nicholas II. decided to take the command of his armies in person.

For several months the Czarina had been urging the Czar to take this step, but he had stood out against her suggestion as he did not like the idea of relieving the Grand-Duke Nicholas of the post he had given him. When the war broke out his first impulse had been to put himself at the head of his army, but, yielding to the representations of his Ministers, he had abandoned an idea which was very close to his heart. He had always regretted it, and now that the Germans had conquered all Poland and were advancing on Russian soil, he considered it nothing less than criminal to remain away from the front and not take a more active part in the defence of his country.

The Czar had returned from G. H. Q. on July 11th [1915], and spent two months at Tsarskoïe-Selo before making up his mind to this new step. I will relate a conversation I had with him on July 16th, as it shows quite clearly what were the ideas that inspired him at that time. On that day he had joined Alexis Nicolaïevitch and myself in the park, and had just been telling his son something about his recent visit to the army. Turning to me, he added:

"You have no idea how depressing it is to be away from the front. It seems as if everything here saps energy and enfeebles resolution. The most pessimistic rumours and the most ridiculous stories are accepted and get about everywhere. Folk here care nothing except for intrigues and cabals, and regard low personal interests only. Out at the front, men fight and die for their country. At the front there is only one thought — the determination to conquer. All else is forgotten, and, in spite of our losses and our reverses, everyone remains confident. Any man fit to bear arms should be in the army. Speaking for myself, I can never be in too much of a hurry to be with my troops."

The Czarina was able to take advantage of this great ambition. She set herself to overcome the scruples which considerations of another character inspired. She desired the removal of the Grand-Duke Nicholas, whom she accused of secretly working for the ruin of the Czar's reputation and prestige and for a palace revolution which would further his own ends. On the strength of certain information she had received from Madame Wyroubova, she was also persuaded that G. H. Q. was the centre of a plot, the object of which was to seize her during the absence of her husband and confine her in a convent.

The Czar, on the other hand, had full confidence in the loyalty of the Grand-Duke Nicholas. He considered him incapable of any criminal action, but he was compelled to admit his complicity in the intrigue against the Czarina. Yet he did not give way until the imperious instinct urging him to put himself at the head of his army had become an obligation of conscience. By intervening personally in the struggle, he hoped to show the world that the war would be fought out to the bitter end and prove his own unshakable faith in ultimate victory. In this tragic hour he thought it was his duty to stake his own person, and as head of the state to assume the full burden of responsibility. By his presence among the troops he wished to restore their confidence, for their morale had been shaken by the long series of reverses, and they were tired of fighting against an enemy whose strength consisted principally in the superiority of his armament.

In spite of the recent retreats, the prestige of the Grand-Duke Nicholas was still considerable in Russia. During this [sic] first twelve months of the war, he had given proof of resolution and an iron will. The fact that he was deprived of his command in times of defeat indicated that he was held responsible, and was bound to be interpreted as a punishment, as unjust on the merits as insulting to his honour. The Czar fully realised all this, and only decided as he did much against his will. His first idea had been to keep the Grand-Duke with him at G. H. Q., but that would have made the position of the ex-Generalissimo somewhat delicate. The Czar decided to appoint him Lieutenant-General of the Caucasus and Commander-in-Chief of the army operating against the Turks.

The Czar communicated his decision to take over the Supreme Command to his Ministers at a council which took place at Tsarskoïe-Selo a few days before his departure for G. H. Q. The news threw most of those present into utter consternation, and they did their best to dissuade him from his project. They pointed to the grave difficulties in the way of public business if the head of the state was to spend practically all his time at G. H. Q., more than five hundred miles from the seat of government. They referred to his innumerable duties and asked him not to take new and crushing responsibilities upon himself. In the last resort they begged him not to place himself at the head of his troops at a moment so critical. In case of failure he was running a risk of exposing himself to attacks which would undermine his prestige and authority.

Yet the Czar was not to be moved. Several members of his immediate entourage made several further attempts to convince him, but these failed also, and on the evening of September 4th he left for Mohileff, where G. H. Q. was established at that time. The next day he signed the Prikaze, in which he announced to the troops that he was taking command in person, and at the foot he added in his own hand:

"With unshakable faith in the goodness of God and firm confidence in final victory, we shall accomplish our sacred duty in defending our Fatherland to the end, and we shall never let the soil of Russia be outraged."

He was repeating the oath he had taken at the outset of the war and casting his crown into the arena.

In France and England this announcement came as a surprise which was not without a certain element of apprehension, but this action was regarded as a pledge which irrevocably associated the Russian Empire, in the person of its Czar, with the fortunes of the Entente, and this at a moment when a series of defeats would have been grounds for fearing separatist tendencies. All the great newspapers of the Allied countries emphasised the importance of this decision. It was hoped that it would have a considerable effect on the morale of the Russian army and contribute to further the cause of final victory. In Russia the whole Press raised a shout of triumph, but in sober reality, opinion about the wisdom of changing the command was sharply divided at first. In the army itself we shall see that the presence of the Czar helped to raise the spirits and courage of the men and gave the campaign a new impetus.

History will some day reveal the political and military consequences of this step, which was certainly an act of courage and faith on the part of the Czar himself.

As I had feared, the apparent indifference with which Rasputin had been treated during the winter had only been temporary, and at the time of the disasters in May, there was a revival of his influence, which grew steadily stronger. The change is easily explained. At the beginning of the war, the Czar and Czarina were utterly obsessed by the greatness of their task, and had passed through hours of exaltation in the knowledge of the love they bore their people, a love they felt was reciprocated. That fervent communion had filled them with hope. They believed that they were really the centre of that great national movement which swept over the whole of Russia. The military events of the following months had not shaken their courage. They had maintained their ardent faith in that spring offensive which was to bring about the final success of the Russian armies.

When the great catastrophe followed, they passed through a time of unspeakable anguish. In her sorrow the Czarina was bound to feel impelled to seek moral support from him whom she already regarded not only as the saviour of her son, but as the representative of the people, sent by God to save Russia and her husband also.

It is not true that personal ambition or a thirst for power induced the Czarina to intervene in political affairs. Her motive was purely sentimental. She worshipped her husband as she worshipped her children, and there was no limit to her devotion for those she loved. Her only desire was to be useful to the Czar in his heavy task and to help him with her counsel.

Convinced that autocracy was the only form of government suited to the needs of Russia, the Czarina believed that any great concessions to liberal demands were premature. In her view the uneducated mass of the Russian people could be galvanised into action only by a Czar in whose person all power was centralised. She was certain that to the moujik the Czar was the symbol of the unity, greatness, and glory of Russia, the head of the state and the Lord's Anointed. To encroach on his prerogative was to undermine the faith of the Russian peasant and to risk precipitating the worst disasters for the country. The Czar must not merely rule: he must govern the state with a firm and mighty hand.

To the new task the Czarina brought the same devotion, courage, and, alas! blindness she had shown in her fight for the life of her son. She was at any rate logical in her errors. Persuaded, as she was, that the only support for the dynasty was the nation, and that Rasputin was God's elect (had she not witnessed the efficacy of his prayers during her son's illness?), she was absolutely convinced that this lowly peasant could use his supernatural powers to help him who held in his hands the fate of the empire of the Czars.

Cunning and astute as he was, Rasputin never advised in political matters except with the most extreme caution. He always took the greatest care to be very well informed as to what was going on at Court and as to the private feelings of the Czar and his wife. As a rule, therefore, his prophecies only confirmed the secret wishes of the Czarina. In fact, it was almost impossible to doubt that it was she who inspired the "inspired", but as her desires were interpreted by Rasputin, they seemed in her eyes to have the sanction and authority of a revelation.

Before the war the influence of the Czarina in political affairs had been but intermittent. It was usually confined to procuring the dismissal of anyone who declared his hostility to the staretz. In the first months of the war there had been no change in that respect, but after the great reverses in the spring of 1915, and more particularly after the Czar had assumed command of the army, the Czarina played an ever-increasing part in affairs of state because she wished to help her husband, who was overwhelmed with the burden of his growing responsibilities. She was worn out, and desired nothing more than peace and rest, but she willingly sacrificed her personal comfort to what she believed was a sacred duty.

Very reserved and yet very impulsive, the Czarina, first and foremost the wife and mother, was never happy except in the bosom of her family. She was artistic and well-educated, and liked reading and the arts. She was fond of meditation, and often became wholly absorbed in her own inward thoughts and feelings, an absorption from which she would only emerge when danger threatened. She would throw herself at the obstacle with all the ardour of a passionate nature. She was endowed with the finest moral qualities, and was always inspired by the highest ideals. But her sorrows had broken her. She was but the shadow of her former self, and she often had periods of mystic ecstasy in which she lost all sense of reality. Her faith in Rasputin proves it beyond a doubt.

It was thus that in her desire to save her husband and son, whom she loved more than life itself, she forged with her own hands the instrument of their undoing.


Above: Nicholas and Alexandra. Photo courtesy of Ilya Chishko at lastromanovs on VK.


Above: Pierre Gilliard.

Tuesday, June 9, 2020

News report on a rumour accusing Alexandra of being behind the death of Lord Kitchener in B.T. newspaper, dated November 6, 1917

Source:

Published in B.T. newspaper in Copenhagen, Denmark on November 6, 1917

http://www2.statsbiblioteket.dk/mediestream/avis/record/doms_aviser_page%3Auuid%3A16a4f749-96f3-445c-af8f-55f9cd4ec1c8/query/kejserinde%20Alexandra%20Rusland/page/doms_aviser_page%3Auuid%3Ae70c2054-f6c1-49be-adc0-0b7a254172a1


The report:

Sendte den russiske Eks-Kejserinde Lord Kitchener i Døden?

En sensationel Beskyldning for Forræderi mod den fængslede Czaritza.

Nordhavets Taager hviler stadig som et Slør over det Mysterium, der hedder Lord Kitcheners Død — blandt Skotlands Klipper hviskes der endog sære Sagn om, at den store Hærfører slet ikke er død, men en Dag vil vende tilbage og frelse old Britain.

Men en tysk Matros, der er bleven taget til Fange af Englænderne, har med sit Vidneudsagn kastet et nyt sensationelt Skær over den mærkelige Affære.

Lord Kitchener omkom, som bekendt, paa den Maade, at han blev skudt ned med Krydseren „Hampshire” i Nærheden af Hebriderne paa Vej mod Rusland.

Man gik i England ud fra, at en tysk U-Baad var „Hampshire”'s Banemand, og allerede den Gang anede man, at der var Forræderi med i Spillet, thi kun 5-6 Mennesker kunde forudsættes at kende noget til Lordens verdenshistoriske Rejse.

Nu forklarer den tyske Matros, at ikke een, men fem U-Baade var sendte ud paa Jagt efter „Hampshire”. De havde faaet Ordre til at sænke Krydseren for enhver Pris, og der blev givet Løfter om store Belønninger, hvis Foretagendet lykkedes — men først da Foretagendet var lykkedes og U-Baadene atter var løbne ind i Wilhelmshafen, fik Mandskabet Meddelelse om, hvorfor der var sat saa meget ind paa denne Affære: Kitchener of Khartum havde været ombord.

Men hvorfra havde Tyskerne denne skæbnesvangre Efterretning var det ganske naturlige Spørgsmaal, som Matrosens Forklaring affødte.

En indgaaende Undersøgelse til Opklaring heraf blev iværksat, og foreløbig er man standset ved følgende uhyggelige Teori:

Det var den daværende russiske Kejserinde, der har forraadt Hemmeligheden til Tyskerne. Hun vidste, at Kitchener skulde komme, men hvilket Skib og ad hvilken Rute, Rejsen skulde foretages. Ad neutral Omvej meddelte hun Admiralitetet i Berlin alle disse Oplysninger. Allerede i 1916 var hun Forræder mod de Allieredes Sag!

Dette er ikke den eneste Forræderi-Sigtelse, der er rejst mod den ulykkelige Eks-Czaritza, men vel nok den mest opsigtsvækkende. Men de, der har fremsat den, skylder dog den haardtprøvede Kvinde at fremlægge afgørende Beviser, før de dømmer hende.

English translation (my own):

Did the Russian Ex-Empress Send Lord Kitchener to Death?

A sensational accusation of treason against the imprisoned Tsaritsa.

The fog of the North Sea still rests as a veil over the mystery that is called Lord Kitchener's death — even among the cliffs of Scotland, there are even whispers that the great military man is not dead at all, but will one day return and save old Britain.

But a German sailor, taken prisoner by the English, has, with his testimony, cast a new, sensational cut on the strange affair.

Lord Kitchener, as is known, perished in the way of being shot down with the "Hampshire" cruiser in the vicinity of the Hebrides on his way to Russia.

It was assumed in England that a German U-boat was Hampshire's pioneer, and already at that time it was thought that there was treachery in the game, for only 5 or 6 people could be presumed to know anything about the Lord's world-historic trip.

Now the German sailor explains that not one, but five U-boats were sent in search of Hampshire. They had been ordered to sink the cruiser at all costs and promises of great rewards were given if the enterprise succeeded — but only when the enterprise succeeded and the U-boats again ran into Wilhelmshaven was the crew told why there was put so much effort into this affair: Kitchener of Khartum had been on board.

But from where the Germans had this fateful intelligence was the quite natural question which the sailor's explanation gave rise to.

An in-depth investigation into this has been launched, and for the time being, the following disturbing theory has emerged:

It was the then Empress of Russia who betrayed the secret to the Germans. She knew that Kitchenerwould come, but not which ship and which route to travel would be made. By neutral detour, she communicated all this information to the Admiralty in Berlin. Already in 1916 she was a traitor to the Allies' cause!

This is not the only betrayal charge brought against the unhappy ex-Tsaritsa, but it is probably the most startling. However, those who have made it owe it to the hard-pressed woman to produce decisive evidence before convicting her.

Monday, February 24, 2020

Review of Marfa Mouchanow's book "My Empress" in The Sun newspaper, year 1918

Source:

The Sun, published in New York on May 5, 1918

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030431/1918-05-05/ed-1/seq-71/#date1=1894&index=14&rows=20&words=Czarina&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1918&proxtext=Czarina&y=14&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1

This review of Marfa Mouchanow's book My Empress, an early biography of Alexandra, was published in The Sun newspaper of New York on Sunday, May 5, 1918, just two months before Alexandra's death. We now know that Marfa Mouchanow was either a pseudonym for someone at court or a fictional person, in addition the book makes obviously fabricated claims as well as exaggerations and half-truths and ironically dismissing certain claims and stories as falsehoods, all while both pitying and defaming Alexandra, and therefore the book is a discredited source (which I learned only after finding the excerpts I included in part 1 of my Alexandra biography here, long before I reached the end of the book). Another book, Confessions of the Czarina by Count Paul Vassily, was published at around the same time and is nothing more than an almost word-for-word rehash of everything in My Empress, making it obvious that the books were written at the same time by the same author using different pen names and identities. The author's true identity remains unknown.


The article:

An Intimate Picture of Mrs. Romanoff
SOME day, we hope, a second Dumas, or rather a third Dumas, will write the history of the Russian court which had for its heads the residents of Tobolsk, now known as Col. and Mrs. Nicholas Romanoff. With such unsurpassed materials a genius in the art of story telling ought to build up one of the great romances of all times. There will be no Henri of Navarre, it is true, no personality vital and intense to fill the foreground of this amazing picture, but talent could do much with the melancholy figure of the beautiful, superstitious, unfortunate woman whom Marfa Mouchanow tells about in her book My Empress, Alexandra Feodorovna, the final chapters of whose life are still to be written.

Humanity's inborn interest and curiosity concerning those who wear a crown is perhaps one of the great obstacles to universal republicanism. All of us, it seems, like to hear whether an Empress prefers rice or prunes and how many dresses she buys each year. We are safe in saying, therefore, we think, that readers will enjoy Marfa Mouchanow's pleasantly written account of the former Czarina of Russia as she knew her during twenty-three years of service as first maid in waiting. The world is not in the mood to sympathize with the woes of autocrats, yet one cannot but pity this unhappy woman who earned the gratitude of those whose duty it was to wait upon her but who had no charm or graciousness to win their affection.

A Proud Empress.
Mme. Mouchanow held her post in the Russian Imperial household from the day of the marriage of Nicholas II. to the German princess up to the hour when the train departed from Czarskoi Selo bearing the deposed rulers to their present habitation. She would have accompanied them in this exile had the leaders of the revolution allowed her to do so. Mme. Mouchanow describes the former Czarina as conscientious and straightforward, proud, morbidly sensitive; not, like her husband, lacking in courage, but so entirely without tact and worldly address as to antagonize everybody from her mother-in-law, the accomplished Danish woman, down to the Parisian dressmakers who had the honor to serve her.

There was the episode of the gold toilet set, for instance, which the Empress insisted on carrying with her when she went visiting at neighboring courts, along with an antique Argenton lace covering for her dressing table, valued at 20,000 francs. This equipment mortally offended the Kaiser during a stay at Breslau. That gentleman for obvious reasons had laid himself out to be pleasant to the newly made Czarina and had caused to be brought from the Royal Treasury at Berlin the silver toilet set of Queen Louise of Prussia. "Alix," however, had already developed decided ideas as to the deference due her exalted position and complained that Cousin William apparently still thought her a "little Hessian Princess of no importance."

The bickerings between Alexandra Feodorovna and Marie Feodorovna, the Dowager Empress, seem to have been endless, their quarrels being over such important matters as the propriety of the Czarina's addressing her imperial husband as "my boy" in public and as to which lady should be prayed for first in the services of the Greek Orthodox Church.

Devoted as a Mother.
The Czarina was a devoted mother — too devoted to please the gay leaders of St. Petersburg society, who never forgave the beautiful young ruler for the frigidity of her manners or her rash attempt to exercise a moral censorship over them. The four girl babies who arrived successively in the imperial nursery added to the unpopularity of the Czarina. In fact, misfortune so persistently dogged the steps of Alexandra Feodorovna that one cannot blame her for having a superstitious conviction of a parallel between her career and that of the unfortunate Marie Antoinette.

The rejoicings which greeted the birth of an heir to the throne were quickly turned into apprehensions because of the delicate health of the boy. Mme. Mouchanow explains fully the mysterious malady of the former Czarevitch, which was for many years one of the most fruitful topics for some of the imaginings of sensational writers.

The Rasputin Scandal.
There is no hint in this narrative of any domestic infelicity in the lives of the ex-rulers more serious than a difference in literary tastes. The ex-Czar liked to spend his evenings reading aloud historical volumes, which bored his wife exceedingly, her taste being for scientific works, such as Darwin's masterpiece and treatises on astronomy. Very likely the Empress despised her weak minded husband, but she apparently tried to do her duty as she conceived it.

Mme. Mouchanow denounces as malicious lies the frequent insinuations made against the Czarina in connection with the Rasputin scandal. The truth, however, seems to have been bad enough. It is hard to picture a more disgusting scene than the celebrated prayer meetings in the imperial oratory, presided over by Rasputin, at which the Empress of All the Russias usually writhed on the floor in hysterical convulsions while the his Imperial Majesty looked on unconcerned, having been persuaded by the charlatan that the neurotic manifestations of the Czarina were proof that her prayers would be answered.

Victim of Charlatans.
Superstitious and mystical by nature, the Czarina upon her arrival in Russia rapidly developed into an ultraorthodox adherent of the Greek Church. Malicious advisers abetted and encouraged her in developing this natural inclination into a morbid hysteria. So that in the years just preceding the revolution the Empress's days and nights were mostly taken up with table tipping, spook consultations and the procuring of quack powders and potions to build up the health of her son. Upon one occasion the Duchess Elizabeth, sister of the Czarina, so worked on the superstitions of the half insane lady as to persuade her to drink a beverage made from dissolving in water the bones of some departed saint of the Greek Church in order to insure success to the Russian armies at the front.

The haughty pride of Alexandra Feodorovna's nature enabled her to go through the bitter times following the abdication of the Czar in a manner befitting her birth and former rank. She bore herself with a dignity which had certainly been lacking in the days of petty squabbles and religious mania. She is rapidly being forgotten, while her story is yet unfinished, a circumstance which is, perhaps, one of the many crosses which Providence has placed upon her ill starred shoulders.

Richmond news article slandering Alexandra, year 1918

TRIGGER WARNING: VIOLENCE AND DEATH.

Source:

Richmond Times-Dispatch, published November 20, 1918

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045389/1918-11-10/ed-1/seq-37/#date1=1789&index=7&rows=20&words=Czarina&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Czarina&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1

This article was published in the Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper on November 10, 1918, blaming Alexandra for betrayal via secretly communicating intelligence information to her cousin and Russia's enemy Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, for the fall of the Romanov dynasty and ultimately the deaths of Nicholas and Alexei, as well as on reporting news on what happened to Nicholas's body and the way Alexei died that we now of course know is fabricated, gets the ages of Maria and Anastasia not only mixed up but further wrong, and other such fabrications, half-truths and exaggerations. But at that time, it was only made public that Nicholas and Alexei had been assassinated, which was the official news released then, and the rumour spread around the world that Alexandra and her daughters were probably still alive and their whereabouts unknown — when in reality they had been killed with Nicholas and Alexei in the pre-dawn hours of July 17, 1918, almost four months before this article was published.


The article:

The Terrible Retribution which has Punished the Czarina

How Her Plotting with Her Cousin, the Kaiser, Betrayed Russia, Dethroned Her Husband, Led to His Murder and the Cruel Death of Her Idolized Son -- Her Own and Her Daughters' Fate a Mystery

UTTER mystery surrounded the fate of the widowed Czarina of Russia and her four pretty young daughters up to four weeks ago, but vague reports from chaotic Russia created a strong impression that they had all been killed.

Concerning the little Czarevitch, the Czarina's only son, the reports left little doubt that he had perished. In a country where the executioners are killing daily until they drop from exhaustion at their work of slaughter, there can be little hope for members of the former ruling class who are caught in the whirlpool of anarchy.

While the fate of the delicately nurtured Czarina and her family must fill us with horror, it is still more amazing and shocking to learn that the unfortunate woman by her treachery brought about the entire tragedy of Russia.

Evidence had long shown that there was constant communication between the Russian court and the German military command. Our knowledge of this subject has just taken a long step forward. Commissioner Henry W. Mapp, of the Salvation Army, a responsible American who had been sent to Russia to relieve distress, came back with positive information that the Czarina herself had sent direct communication by her private wire from Tsarskoe Selo to the German Kaiser giving information that the British War Minister, Lord Kitchener, had sailed for Russia. Kitchener's mission was to provide for better co-operation between the Russian and Allied armies and to check the disorganization of the Russian armies which had already begun.

Kitchener sailed for Russia on the cruiser Hampshire in April, 1917, and the ship was torpedoed by the Germans off the north of Scotland and lost with everybody on board. This tragedy was directly traceable to the information supplied by the Czarina.

The latest evidence indicates that the Czarina constantly furnished to the Kaiser intelligence concerning Russian military movements. She was a cousin of the Kaiser, the sister of a reigning German sovereign, the Grand Duke of Hesse, a German princess herself by birth, training and instinct. Like the Queen of Greece and other royalties, she was a devoted and unreasoning adherent of the Kaiser.

Right well did she work for her imperial master. Through her treachery she brought about the ruin of her adopted country, the defeat of its armies and the demoralization of its entire political structure, previously weakened by terrible losses and sufferings.

Her treachery, according to this view, was the main factor that caused not only the collapse of the empire, but the death of her husband and her son, and, it appears probable, of herself and all her daughters.

Never perhaps in all history has there been a more perfect case of retribution for treachery.

The last days of the Czarina and her family would surely make a drama of unsurpassed terror. Lost in the wilds of the most desolate part of Russia, at the mercy of half-crazed Bolsheviki politicians, Red Guards and unwashed peasants, the condition of this family of delicately bred women defies description. The wretched Czarina, once the wife of the most absolute monarch in the world, the possessor of jewels valued at $100,000,000, had not even the power to communicate with her relatives and friends.

So great was the uncertainty about the Czarina's fate that His Holiness the Pope sent an inquiry about a month ago to the Austrian Ambassador at Petrograd, asking if he could find out what had happened to her and her daughters. The Austrians having nominally made peace with the Bolsheviki, it was supposed that they could obtain some information from them. The Ambassador answered His Holiness that their death had been reported and denied, and that no reliable information could be obtained.

The Pope then sent an ecclesiastic of high rank to Russia with instructions to find out definitely what happened to them and to remove them to a place of safety, if possible. As the place where the family were last heard from, Ekaterinburg, is nearly a thousand miles from Petrograd, and as railway travel is almost at an end, no one can say when the envoy will complete his mission.

One of the latest and most circumstantial reports declared that the Czarina and her four daughters had been murdered at a village near Ekaterinburg. A former court servant returned to Petrograd, who declared that he had seen certain details of the tragedy.

According to this man, there had arisen a violent quarrel in the local Soviet as to what should be done with the Czarina and her daughters. The six most bloodthirsty members of the Soviet, a butcher, an innkeeper and four peasants, then went to the house in which the poor women were imprisoned and shot them all.

After this the murderers burned down the house with all the bodies. The servant who brought this news declared that he had seen the charred bodies and some fragments of jewelry the princess had worn.

Russia now groans under a condition of anarchy in which local councils called "Soviets" exercise tyrannous power in their vicinity, while the central bodies at Moscow and Petrograd have little or no authority.

After the circumstantial report about the murder had been received, Lenine, the Bolshevist Prime Minister, announced that he had received a denial of it from Ekaterinburg and that the women were safe.

When the execution of ex-Czar Nicholas was decided on, his wife and children were separated from him in order that pity for them should not lead to any action that might save the fallen monarch. The whole family up to that time had been imprisoned at Tobolsk in Siberia. They were then taken to Ekaterinburg in European Russia, but while the ex-Czar was imprisoned in the town, the rest of the family were taken outside.

The Czar's execution has been reported in many ways from various sources. One report stated that he had faced the firing squad with bravery and steadiness, while another described him as collapsing in terror. The reports generally agreed that his last thoughts had been for his family and that his last words were:
"Have mercy on my wife and children!"

After the Czar's execution his body underwent a strange series of experiences, which suggest his own treatment of the fanatic Rasputin's remains. It will be recalled that the Czar recovered Rasputin's body from the Neva and buried it at midnight in a silver coffin with solemn ceremonies in the grounds of his palace at Tsarskoe Selo, from which it was dug up and carted away to Siberia by the revolutionists.

The Bolsheviki deliberately planned to treat Nicholas's body with the greatest possible indignity. They buried it in the "Suicides' Corner" of the local cemetery. In the eyes of the old-fashioned Russian peasants a suicide is the most hopeless of lost souls, worse even than a murderer, and the spot where such creatures are buried is passed with shuddering and loathing.

The body had not lain here many weeks, however, when a force of the Czecho-Slovak army, the released Austro-Hungarian soldiers who support the Allies, passed this way. They considered that the monarch who had supported the cause they believe in deserved better treatment. They therefore unearthed his body and buried it in consecrated ground with simple religious services.

But the body was not yet to rest. The "People's Army" consisting of Cossacks, obtained possession of the grave, and, being imbued with the old, deep, religious sentiment of Russia, they thought that the Soviet's treatment of the Czar's body was wicked and would bring divine anger on the country. They therefore exhumed the body again with much ceremony and prepared to give it solemn burial according to the rites of the Russian Orthodox Church.

It was enclosed in a zinc coffin with an outer case of Siberian cedar and placed in the Cathedral at Ekaterinburg under a guard composed of commanders of the People's Army. After that the body was carried away to be buried in a special sarcophagus at Omsk.

These details concerning the two burials were furnished by the newspaper Izvestia of Moscow.

Only scraps of information and rumors can be obtained concerning what happened to the Czarina and her children between their removal from Tobolsk and their reported reappearance at Ekaterinburg. This information has come through Russian Bolsheviki and peasants notorious for their untruthfulness and wild imaginations.

The circumstantial report has it that the Red Guards deliberately kept the delicate little Czarewitch out in a public square at Perm day and night for three days without food or shelter. At the end of this time the poor child died of pneumonia brought on by cold and starvation.

The child, whose birth Russia and the rest of the world awaited with anxiety for ten years, is now supposed to be in an unknown grave. Everybody will recall how the Czar and Czarina of Russia longed and prayed for the birth of a son for years. Four daughters in succession were born to the couple, and the Czarina nearly lost her mind through disappointment at her failure to bear the desired heir.

When, at last, in 1904, the little Czarevitch Alexis came, the Imperial couple were transported with joy. The entire thoughts of Russia's ruler were concentrated on this child. As he began to grow he received increased devotion from the Czar. The entire world was ransacked to gratify his wishes. From the strongly guarded precincts of the Russian Court came many reports of attempts by revolutionists on the boy's life. It was very positively stated that one attack had resulted in injury to his leg.

On public occasions after that the Czarevitch was observed to have a permanently stiffened right leg. Though of delicate health, he was a handsome and attractive boy.

How the late Czar spoiled his child is shown by an incident related by Dr. E.L. Dillon, the well-known English writer on Balkan affairs. Not long before the Czar's downfall a special British envoy, General Sir Arthur Paget, was sent to Petrograd to discuss closer cooperation between British and Russians. While he was talking with the Czar, the young Czarevitch got hold of the General's cap and placed it on the head of a female statue. When the Czar saw this he laughed so heartily that the conference was seriously interrupted.

Now, this spoiled heir of the world's greatest autocracy may have been put to death by a band of unwashed ruffians in an obscure village.

It was assumed that the report of the Czarevitch's death must be correct, because no mention was made of him when the rest of the Romanoff family reappeared at Ekaterinburg.

The four daughters of the Czarina were the Grand Duchess Olga, aged twenty-three; Grand Duchess Tatiana, aged twenty-one; Grand Duchess Anastasia, aged nineteen, and Grand Duchess Marie, aged fourteen. Their photographs prove that they were very handsome young girls and all accounts agree that they were charming and sweet.

After the Czar's downfall and a brief period of imprisonment in the palace at Tsarskoe Selo, they were removed to Tobolsk in Siberia. The whole family was forced to occupy the upper floor of a humble house that had belonged to a local tax collector. Revolutionary guards occupied the ground floor.

At first the fallen imperial family was treated with leniency, although subject to considerable privations. They had only one servant and the Czarina was obliged to do much of her own cooking. The deposed monarch and his wife were not allowed to go out except to church, and Nicholas tried to maintain his health by carrying pails of water upstairs. The little Czarevitch was only permitted to go into the public park for a few hours a day under an armed guard.

The young Grand Duchesses, however, were allowed considerable liberty at this stage. They mingled freely with the townspeople and travelled about the country. All signs of rank were discarded in their social relations and the young women were known simply as the Misses Romanoff. The Grand Duchess Olga learnt stenography and typewriting and fitted herself to earn her living in business. The second daughter, Grand Duchess Tatiana, began to train as a nurse. All the girls, in fact, were learning to live in a normal way under a democratic system.

The quarters in the private house were so cramped that the imperial family was removed after three months to the monastery of Tobolsk.

That was before the Russian revolution began to turn toward Bolshevism and terrorism. The anti-Bolshevist sentiments of the Siberians settled the fate of the fallen imperial family. They were removed from Tobolsk hastily by the Red Guards lest the Siberians or Czecho-Slovaks should reach them and liberate them. Then began the terrible journey toward European Russia in which Czar Nicholas lost his life, while the fate of the women was left in uncertainty.