Showing posts with label Old newspaper. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Old newspaper. Show all posts

Tuesday, February 7, 2023

Article in the Dutch newspaper "De Tijd", dated November 10, 1894

Source:

De Tijd: godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad, issue of November 10, 1894


The article:

Prinses Alix van Hessen.
In het stille drama, dat in het zuiden van Rusland is afgeloopen, onder de medelijdende of in elk geval belangstellende blikken van bijna geheel Europa en Azië, heeft ook de draagster van bovenstaande naam eene rol gekregen.

Reeds langen tijd is er sprake geweest van het huwelijk van den grootvorst-troonopvolger, thans keizer van Rusland, met Prinses Alix van Hessen, en er is zeer verschillend over gesproken. Nu eens werd beweerd dat grootvorst Nicolaas op een poolsche dame — elders zegt men zelfs op een Jodin — verliefd was, en zich verzette tegen den wensch van zijnen vader, die hem wilde verbinden aan de prinses van Hessen, — dan weer deelde men mee dat prinses Alix te standvastig bleef in haar protestantsch geloof, om het te verwisselen tegen het russisch-orthodoxe. Het is moeilijk te zeggen wat er van deze geruchten waar is, — inzonderheid aan het russische Hof worden de persoonlijke zaken zeer geheim gehouden, — maar zoo er iets dergelijks bestond, dan heeft de vreeslijke ziekte van den Czaar aan alle bedenkingen een einde gemaakt, want de jonge prinses is reeds tot de grieksch-russische Kerk overgegaan en heeft met den jongen Keizer de ringen gewisseld.

Wij laten hier eenige bijzonderheden volgen omtrent de toekomstige Keizerin van het groote Russische Rijk.

De verloofde van czaar Nikolaas II is thans ruim 22 jaar en het jongste kind van wijlen den groothertog Lodewijk IV van Hessen en van prinses Alix, dochter van de koningin van Engeland, sedert 16 jaar overleden.

„Prinses Alix, slank en groot, bezit bij een innemende bevalligheid van uitdrukking en manieren een groote bekoorlijkheid. Haar gelaat is van een zeldzame schoonheid, haar oogen zijn blauw en vol uitdrukking, het schoone hoofd wordt omlijst door prachtig aschblond haar” — aldus beschrijft de Figaro haar uiterlijk.

De prinses is het bedorven kind van het huis van Hessen, en inzonderheid van haar broeder, den regeerenden Groothertog, die haar onderscheidt van zijn andere zusters, misschien ook omdat zij slechts vier jaar jonger is dan hij, en zij hun eerste opvoeding, om zoo te zeggen, te zamen ontvingen. Langen tijd had de prinses als onderwijzeres een Engelsche, miss Jackson, een vrouw van algemeene ontwikkeling en diepe kennis, die er zich op toelegde om van hare leerlinge, met de hulp van de beste professoren aan de universiteit van Darmstadt, een beschaafde jonge dame te maken.

De goede aanleg van prinses Alix maakte deze taak overigens niet moeilijk. Toch is de prinses geen blauwkous; integendeel, zij houdt veel van kunst en sport. Men zegt dat zij een uitmundende paardrijdster is en een eerste lawntennis speelster. Zij schildert, speelt prachtig piano en spreekt het Russisch, het Fransch en het Engelsch even goed als het Duitsch.

Toen miss Jackson wegens gezondheidsredenen Darmstadt moest verlaten, werd hare plaats ingenoomen door een Duitsche, freule Von Fabrice, dochter van generaal Fabrice, die intertijd minister van oorlog was. Freule Von Fabrice is tegenwoordig hofdame der prinses.

Na den dood van haar vader bleef prinses Alix bij haar broeder, den groothertog Ernst Lodewijk, in diens nieuw paleis te Darmstadt, dat door groothertog Lodewijk IV was gebouwd met de hulp van de koningen van Engeland, zijn schoonmoeder. Het innige familieleven aan het hof van Darmstadt kwam ten volle overeen met den eenvoudigen smaak van de prinses. Zij heeft ook lang geaarzeld vóór zij haar toestemming gaf, toen de czaar van Rusland hare hand vroeg voor zijn oudsten zoon.

Twee dingen weerhielden haar vooral: het groote gewicht van de toekomstige plichten, die zij op zich nam, en hare geloofsverandering, de laatste het meest, en zij heeft blijkbaar nooit geheel haar innerlijk verzet tegen een afval van haar geloof kunnen overwinnen. Men beweert dan ook algemeen, dat haar van den kant des overleden russischen Keizers veel toegevendheid is betoond op het punt van geloofsverandering.

Toch schijnt de liefde, die zij voor den Czarewiets had opgevat, ook vele harer tegenwerpingen te hebben overgewonnen.

De toekomstige Czarina zal zeker zeer bemind worden door het russische volk; zij heeft alle eigenschappen om daar de sympathieën terug te vinden, die zij te Darmstadt achterlaat. Schoon, goed, verstandig, beschaafd en milddadig, zal zij spoedig een grooten invloed hebben op haren echtgenoot, een invloed, waarover de europeesche politiek zich niet zal hebben te beklagen.

Prinses Alix heeft drie zusters: prinses Victoria, getrouwd met den vorst Lodewijk van Battenberg; prinses Elisabeth, getrouwd met den grootvorst Sergius, oom van den nieuwen Keizer, zoodat prinses Alix haar zuster „tante” moet noemen, en prinses Iréne, de gemalin van prins Hendrik van Pruisen, broeder van den duitschen Keizer.

Haar eenige broeder, de groothertog van Hessen, is in het begin van dit jaar getrouwd met prinses Victoria, derde dochter van den hertog van Edinburg, tegenwoordig hertog van Saksen Koburg-Gotha.

English translation (my own):

Princess Alix of Hesse.
In the silent drama that has unfolded in the south of Russia, under the pitying or at any rate interested glances of almost all of Europe and Asia, the bearer of the above name has also been given a part.

For a long time there has been talk of the marriage of the Grand Duke, Heir to the Throne, now Emperor of Russia, with Princess Alix of Hesse, and has been widely discussed. Sometimes it was claimed that Grand Duke Nicholas was in love with a Polish lady — elsewhere it is even said with a Jewess — and that he opposed the wish of his father, who wanted to marry him to the princess of Hesse, — then again it was reported that Princess Alix remained too firm in her Protestant faith to exchange it for the Russian Orthodox one. It is difficult to say what is true of these rumours — particularly in the Russian Court personal matters are kept very secret — but if there were any such thing, the Tsar's dreadful illness has put an end to all suspicions, for the young princess has already converted to the Greco-Russian Church, and has exchanged rings with the young Emperor.

We give here some details of the future Empress of the great Russian Empire.

The betrothed of Tsar Nicholas II is now more than 22 years old and the youngest child of the late Grand Duke Louis IV of Hesse and of Princess Alix [sic], daughter of the Queen of England, who died 16 years ago.

"Princess Alix, slender and tall, with an endearing grace of expression and manner, possesses great charm. Her face is of a rare beauty, her eyes are blue and full of expression, her fair head is framed by beautiful ash-blonde hair" — thus the Figaro describes her appearance.

The Princess is the spoiled child of the house of Hesse, and especially of her brother, the reigning Grand Duke, who distinguishes her from his other sisters, perhaps also because she is only four years younger than he, and they received their first education, so as to to say, together. For a long time the Princess had as her teacher an Englishwoman, Miss Jackson, a woman of general education and deep learning, who devoted herself to making of her pupil, with the help of the best professors at the University of Darmstadt, a cultured young lady.

The good talent of Princess Alix did not make this task difficult. Yet the Princess is not a blue stocking; on the contrary, she is very fond of art and sports. She is said to be an excellent horse rider and a first-rate lawn tennis player. She paints, plays the piano beautifully and speaks Russian, French and English as well as German.

When Miss Jackson had to leave Darmstadt for health reasons, her place was taken by a German lady, Fräulein Von Fabrice, daughter of General Fabrice, who was Minister of War at the time. Fräulein Von Fabrice is now lady-in-waiting to the Princess.

After the death of her father, Princess Alix remained with her brother, the Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig, in his new palace at Darmstadt, which had been built by Grand Duke Louis IV with the help of the Kings of England, his mother-in-law. The close family life at the court of Darmstadt corresponded fully to the simple taste of the Princess. She also hesitated for a long time before giving her consent when the Tsar of Russia asked for her hand in marriage to his eldest son.

Two things chiefly restrained her: the great weight of the future duties which she assumed, and her change of faith, the latter the most, and she was evidently never quite able to overcome her inner resistance to an apostasy from her faith. It is generally said, therefore, that she was shown much indulgence on the part of the late Russian Emperor in the matter of a change of faith.

Yet the love she had developed for the Tsarevich seems to have conquered many of her objections.

The future Tsarina will certainly be very loved by the Russian people; she has all the qualities to find there the sympathies she left behind in Darmstadt. Beautiful, good, sensible, cultured and generous, she will soon have a great influence on her husband, an influence which European politics will not have to complain about.

Princess Alix has three sisters: Princess Victoria, married to Prince Louis of Battenberg; Princess Elisabeth, married to the Grand Duke Sergei, uncle of the new Emperor, so that Princess Alix must call her sister "aunt", and Princess Irène, consort of Prince Henry of Prussia, brother of the German Kaiser.

Her only brother, the Grand Duke of Hesse, married Princess Victoria, third daughter of the Duke of Edinburgh, now Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.


Above: Nicholas and Alix.

Monday, September 5, 2022

Alix's letter to Nicholas, dated May 27 (New Style), 1894, and the "Truth" newspaper article that made her laugh, from May 24, 1894

Sources:

Alexandra Feodorovna: Diaries and Correspondence, volume 2: Engagement and Marriage, 1894, pages 90 to 91, by George Hawkins, 2023

George Hawkins at Letters and writings of Nicholas II and his family on Facebook


Nicholas's letter from the same day (May 15/27):


The letter excerpt:

... Oh, in the papers here they wrote about me and quote something from Truth, that "charming" paper. Describing me and saying also that my chin is too short, alas I have long known it, and I fear even for yr sake I cannot succeed in pulling it longer. Otherwise they were most flattering. But what amused me most was that they said there was no photo of me full length but that all stopped at the calves. Have you ever heard of such an expression to be put in the papers? I roared sweet one...

The letter in full:

No. 27
Harrogate
May 27th 1894
Darling Nicky dear,
My most loving, tender thanks for your sweet letter, I received to-day — now I understand why it did not come yesterday as you sent it to Walton, but why on earth there as two letters ago you spoke about Harrogate.

The wind is terrific, howling, raging, and one can scarcely stand on one's feet so it blows, and then after 10 minutes the sun shines most gloriously. It is extraordinary weather.

Well yesterday afternoon Schneiderlein and I went in the bycicle bath chair wh was quite amusing as they are very comfortable and longer than the other ones. Then I took my baths, after wh tea and I rested. They make one's back ache so. I did not feel quite well, so did not read to the Ladies in the evening, but read a novel and they played Halma.

This morning I went with Gretchen to St. Peter's Church (High Church) and heard lovely singing, the sermon was not worth much. We sat rather behind amongst all sorts of people as I preferred it and a man behind me sang most beautifully. It lasted an hour and a half and I was rather stiff afterwards as the bench was hard and narrow. I feel so ashamed of myself for not kneeling, but I can't with my legs and now that the knees are bandaged still less. At 7 I am going with Gretchen to the Church next door (Congregational Church) two steps in. There are an amount of churches here and a great many belonging to sects as baptists, methodists, free church and so on.

In a simple bath chair with hood up, Schneiderlein promenading near me, I went out for a bit in storm and rain, out of spite the sun is of course shining now. I only had a needlebath this morning after wh I was wrapped up in hot towels and had to rest for ¼ of an hour before dressing and going home. I am sure it would shock Gretchen and Granny my writing all of this. And perhaps it does you. But I want you to know all your old owl is doing during your absence wh I hope will not last much longer.

What a sweet letter yrs was again, you dear old thing. I long to give you a good long hug for it and to peep into those big dark eyes. You will be one day without a letter as to-night the post only goes out, it being Sunday none went this morning and so this letter cannot reach London in time for the foreign post.

Oh, in the papers here they wrote about me and quote something from Truth, that "charming" paper. Describing me and saying also that my chin is too short, alas I have long known it, and I fear even for yr sake I cannot succeed in pulling it longer. Otherwise they were most flattering. But what amused me most was that they said there was no photo of me full length but that all stopped at the calves. Have you ever heard of such an expression to be put in the papers? I roared sweet one, I fear indeed you must be feeling very lonely now, especially have had Sandro so close by, so think how I feel without one relation but I am nevertheless contented. You must excuse this vile writing but I am lying on the sopha.

I have been writing a Russian epistle to Ella with the help of Schneiderlein. What a dear little Woman she is, I only hope she is not too much bored here and has not too great Heimweh. I am longing for some Relation or other, the first time without any is sad. But anything to get well for my Лаусбуб's sake. Thanks for the cutting. Beloved boysy, I prayed fervently for you in Church this morning, did our prayers meet, and now in an hour I shall again and implore Him to make me a better, more worthy creature for your love. But I must do a little Russian otherwise you will scold yr lazy girly.

Goodbye, beloved One, my own precious Nicky dear, my sunlight. Many tender kisses so I send you from tho far away and many tender blessings. Ever yr deeply loving old
Alix

God bless you! True unto Death. Do tell me always all about yr soldiers, I like it so much, loving soldiers as I do. Oh, how well I know when they sing on their homeward march and how often I have stopped to listen to them. And now I shall learn to love yours too and you must in return have a little corner open for my beloved Hessian ones, will sweet Dove?

The article that made Alix laugh:

There is a subject for a Christmas pantomime in the intrigues set on foot a few years ago to prevent the Czarewitch devoting himself to the Princess Alix of Hesse. A number of her sister's household was engaged to give information as to the steps taken to bring about an engagement. Another influence thought to be a potent one was set to work at Copenhagen. One who was charged to pull this wire tells me that, had it not been for the death of the Grand Duchess Paul, the hidden efforts would probably have succeeded. They tended to bring about a marriage between the second daughter of King George and the Czarewitch. But the Queen of Greece thought the sudden death of the Grand Duchess Paul a judgment of Heaven because she married a near relative. When she had made up her mind on this point, the Queen of Denmark invited the Princess Alix to Copenhagen, there to meet the Imperial family, and, as my informant says, the match was arranged en principe.

A great variety of photos of the future Czarina and her fiancé are on view in the windows of the printshops here. None are full-length, the largest stopping at the calf of the leg. She must be the taller, though they are made by the photographers to appear the same height. Ample justice is done to her. The different likenesses show her to have not mere physical beauty, but a face that interests by its power to express moods and fleeting feelings. An almost smiling bust-photo is delicious from the impression that it gives of inward joy. Others convey the idea of a pensive disposition and are more than charming. The figure is slim and elegant. An artlessly-made princesse-dress of light material and trimmed with coarse fur somehow does not spoil it. The fur is applied as if it were braid. If there is anything in the youthful face that just misses perfect beauty it is the chin, which is rather short and not sufficiently forward. But who could pay attention to this slight defect when there are such soulful eyes to look at!


Above: Nicholas and Alix.

Note: Heimweh = homesickness.

Sunday, November 29, 2020

The Evening Star on Alexandra being "a most unhappy woman", dated March 14, 1909

Source:

Published in The Evening Star in Washington, D.C. on March 14, 1909, by Curtis Brown

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1909-03-14/ed-1/seq-49/#date1=1894&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=czarina+Czarina+CZARINA&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=7&state=&date2=1918&proxtext=Czarina&y=14&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=6


The article:

Empress of All the Russias Is a Most Unhappy Woman

CZARINA PRAYS DAILY FOR DEATH TO RELIEVE HER FROM THE TERRIBLE BURDENS WHICH HAVE MADE HER A PHYSICAL WRECK — HAS TO BE WHEELED ABOUT IN A BATH CHAIR — LIVES IN CONSTANT FEAR OF HER OWN DEATH OR THAT OF HER HUSBAND OR CHILDREN BY THE DAGGER OR BOMB OF AN ASSASSIN — IS A HIGH-SOULED, LIBERAL-MINDED, GENEROUS AND LOVING WOMAN.

Special Correspondence of The Star.

ST. PETERSBURG, March 4, 1909.
Empress Alexandra of Russia, the czar's wife, is the unhappiest woman under the sun. Her life is nothing more than prolonged misery, and she prays fervently for death to relieve her from the crushing burdens of her pitiable existence at the imperial court of Russia. Her fate may well excite the deep sympathy of the civilized world, for although she is a victim of that unholy system of government that still prevails in her husband's dominions, she is an innocent sufferer for the terrible wrongs perpetrated by others.

The Empress Alexandra is a high-souled, liberal-minded, generous and loving woman. She is a woman of the most refined tastes and generous instincts; she loves the common people and their sorrows appeal to her with tremendous force. She is in deep sympathy with the progressive movement in Russia, and she abhors the crimes that have been committed during her husband's reign and are still being perpetrated in Russia day by day. Yet far from being able to terminate them she herself has been struck down and her happiness destroyed by that very system which she would gladly abolish in the interest of others. Both her mental and physical condition are truly pitiable. She is suffering from the most extreme form of nervous depression and exhaustion. She cannot sleep and she cannot eat. The prolonged loss of appetite and systematic lack of nourishment have reduced her to a condition of physical prostration.

***

After the long summer cruise in the Baltic sea undertaken primarily in the hope of restoring her health, the czarina was so weak that she could not walk ashore, but had to be carried in an arm chair. Now she rarely ventures outside the palace, but is generally wheeled about the private grounds in a bath chair. She is only thirty-six years of age, but she is a complete wreck. Much of her time is spent in fits of depression during which she lies motionless in apathetic despair. Sometimes the terrible calm of her profound melancholy is varied by passionate fits of weeping, which horrify and alarm the members of her family and the ladies of her suite. At nights she cannot sleep, but sees awful visions of the thousands of unhappy men and women who during her husband's reign and by virtue of the death warrants signed by his hand have died on the gallows simply because they held political opinions which were considered objectionable by the recognized and accredited representatives of law and order as these terms are understood in Russia. When she falls into fitful slumbers her sleep, such as it is, is disturbed by gruesome dreams and nightmares — dreams of blood and hellish horrors, visions of an inferno created not by the imagination of a great horror, but by the revolting realities of the predominant political system in Russia.

Day and night she broods over the condition of Russia and over the unhappy isolation of the imperial family. Often she starts up from her gloomy reveries in a sudden gust of fear that assassins who have so often chosen the rulers of Russia as the victims of their cruel murders may be close at hand, intent on terminating with one decisive blow that system of oppression which is incorporated in the czar's imperial person. At other times she storms into the nursery to make sure that her beloved children are all alive, having imagined in her mental agony that they had already been felled by the dagger of a terrorist or destroyed by the fragments of a revolutionary bomb. She realizes with an awful clearness of comprehension that death hovers over her husband and her family, so that every morning she cannot know whether she will be able to clasp them in her arms in the evening, and every evening she fears that they may be torn from her side before the sun rises again.

No words can adequately describe the profound depths of the unhappiness of this imperial woman. No tragedy conceived in the imagination of poets is so truly tragic as the fate of the Czarina Alexandra

***

Her life at the Russian court, which has now extended for a period of fourteen years, has been one long series of ruthless disillusionments. Her childhood and girlhood were spent in the happiest possible circumstances. Her mother was Princess Alice, the favorite daughter of the venerable Queen Victoria of England, and the father was the royal crown duke of the little German state of Hesse. Her earlier years were divided between the delightful parental home in the vicinity of Darmstadt, in the genial atmosphere of southern Germany, and in the keen, refreshing air of English liberty at Windsor. She was brought up with perfect simplicity, and as a child she was encouraged to forget the fact that her grandmother was a queen and her father a ruling sovereign. She played games and she rode and enjoyed with hearty good spirits all the pleasures in which a healthy girl can participate. Up to the age of twenty-two her happiness was unclouded. She had lived almost an ideal life full of happiness and contentment, characterized by joyous gayety and the light-heartedness of innocence.

Then she was marked down as the prey of Russian oppression. The Russian government, in its search for a suitable bride for Nicholas, the heir to the throne, decided that Princess Alix of Hesse was the most eligible young lady to be found among all the royal families of Europe. Formal proposals were accordingly made to the court of Hesse, and no end of pressure was brought to bear on the reluctant Princess Alix to accept the future czar as her husband. Nicholas came to visit her family at Darmstadt, and created a most unfavorable impression on his future bride. She found him dull and uninteresting and rather unsympathetic. He did not appeal to her interest in any way, and it seemed to her that life with this quaint little man as her husband offered no charms at all. The pictures that were drawn to her of the magnificence of the court of Russia left her unmoved, for she was a pure, natural girl who wanted to marry for love, and to her the idea of making a political match was abhorrent in every sense. But finally her opposition was overcome. The persuasion of her relatives and her friends broke down her opposition. Reluctantly and against her own will she became the wife of Nicholas, and no sooner were they wedded than the death of Alexander III elevated her husband to the throne of all the Russias.

It was a terrible experience for a high-spirited and independent young girl to leave the surroundings of her youth to plunge into the corrupt and fetid atmosphere of the Russian court. From the very beginning she was disliked by the Russian court party and she disliked them in return. Her unconventional habits and her progressive tendencies made her an object of suspicion to all the grand dukes and duchesses and aristocratic magnates who formed the bulwarks of the reactionary system of government in the country. The old gang at court despised and ridiculed her; she was exposed to petty humiliations and annoyances. Her lack of knowledge of the Russian language, which she has since learned to perfection, at that time made her the subject of unseemly jests and gibes. It is true that she was the czar's wife, but in the strange surroundings of the Russian court she was made to feel like an intruder and almost like an impostor.

All this would have been bearable if she had loved her husband and could have enjoyed a happy family life. But that love which was wanting before marriage never came afterward, for the revelation of Nicholas II's character came as a fearful shock and deep disappointment to this energetic and ambitious woman. She soon found that the czar was nothing more than a weakling, who was driven hither and thither by the different cross currents as though he were a feather in a whirlpool. Moreover, his everyday actions showed a shameless disregard of morality. The czar did not even take the trouble to conceal in any way his flirtations. The czarina resolutely opposed the immoral tendencies of the Russian court. Her own life has been blameless above the least reproach and she excluded from her own circle all those women who could be identified as participants in scandalous affairs. She could not overcome the customs and traditions of centuries, but her influence was felt and it promoted the purity of the imperial court.

***

It was not only the personal immorality of the Russian court and of the highest circles of the Russian aristocracy that the Empress Alexandra opposed and combated. Year after year she struggled in a futile effort to liberate her husband from the yoke of his reactionary advisers and to convince him that the safety of Russia lay in the adoption of those measures of political progress which had so long been introduced in western countries. The executions, the persecutions, the unjust punishments meted out to political offenders harrowed the soul of the czarina and stirred up in her a burning hatred of the system which the czar was upholding. Time after time she intervened to wring from her husband a free pardon of political prisoners condemned to death or at least commutation of the capital sentence to terms of penal servitude. Again and again she raised her voice on behalf of unhappy exiles and caused their release. Year after year she reasoned and argued and pleaded with the czar to abandon his reactionary methods of government, pointing out to him that the perpetuation of cruelty and injustice could only bring ruin on the Romanoff dynasty.

Her reforming tendencies brought her into collision with the entire environment of the Russian court. Her mother-in-law, the Dowager Empress Marie, denounced her as wicked and scheming, and battles royal took place between the czar's mother and the czar's wife. All the grand dukes and grand duchesses were up in revolt against her. It was a case of one woman fighting against the established order of things defended by all the powerful elements in the country. But the czarina never flinched. With clear intelligence she saw disaster approaching, and, undeterred by opposition and undismayed by calumny and ridicule, she steadily pursued her way and sought to reform Russia. Unhappy in her married life and disappointed in regard to the political development of the country which she had adopted as her own, her only consolation was offered her by her children.

***

When the storm of revolution burst over Russia four years ago the warnings which the czarina had uttered were justified. Her prophecies had come true. She alone among the statesmen and magnates of Russia had realized the awful consequence of systematically oppressing a great nation. Her relatives outside of Russia, including some of the most influential members of the English royal family and her own brother, now the reigning Grand Duke of Hesse, urged her to turn her back on the accursed country and to seek safety in a foreign refuge; but the czarina, who alone had seen the danger and who had sought to avert it, could not be persuaded to leave her husband's side. The grand dukes fled to Paris to drown care in dissipations, and the grand duchesses dispersed to the pleasure resorts of Europe, but the czarina remained at home, even although it seemed certain at many times that death at the hands of the exasperated rebels would be the only reward for her courageous determination.

Since the first outbreak of revolution, at the end of 1904, the czarina has been living in bondage. Her prison is gilded, but her incarceration is hardly less terrible than that of the Siberian exiles. There has been no moment in which the danger of assassination was absent. Plots and conspiracies to murder the entire imperial family were discovered and frustrated. Bombs were found in the imperial palace and poison in the food destined for the imperial table. Day after day news came from all parts of the empire of bloodshed and war between the old and the new order. Throughout the period of revolutionary disorder in Russia the czarina continued to work with frantic energy for the introduction of progressive measures and for a conciliatory policy toward the nation.

It is one of the ironies of fate that this noble woman, who spared no effort to save the country, should be the primary victim of Russian tyranny. She is a martyr to the cause of liberty and civilization. Her name will be handed down to future generations of Russia as that of a great and noble woman, who performed her duty unflinchingly and who with courageous determination opposed all the forces of corruption and reaction in the Russian empire.

Tuesday, June 9, 2020

News report on a rumour accusing Alexandra of being behind the death of Lord Kitchener in B.T. newspaper, dated November 6, 1917

Source:

Published in B.T. newspaper in Copenhagen, Denmark on November 6, 1917

http://www2.statsbiblioteket.dk/mediestream/avis/record/doms_aviser_page%3Auuid%3A16a4f749-96f3-445c-af8f-55f9cd4ec1c8/query/kejserinde%20Alexandra%20Rusland/page/doms_aviser_page%3Auuid%3Ae70c2054-f6c1-49be-adc0-0b7a254172a1


The report:

Sendte den russiske Eks-Kejserinde Lord Kitchener i Døden?

En sensationel Beskyldning for Forræderi mod den fængslede Czaritza.

Nordhavets Taager hviler stadig som et Slør over det Mysterium, der hedder Lord Kitcheners Død — blandt Skotlands Klipper hviskes der endog sære Sagn om, at den store Hærfører slet ikke er død, men en Dag vil vende tilbage og frelse old Britain.

Men en tysk Matros, der er bleven taget til Fange af Englænderne, har med sit Vidneudsagn kastet et nyt sensationelt Skær over den mærkelige Affære.

Lord Kitchener omkom, som bekendt, paa den Maade, at han blev skudt ned med Krydseren „Hampshire” i Nærheden af Hebriderne paa Vej mod Rusland.

Man gik i England ud fra, at en tysk U-Baad var „Hampshire”'s Banemand, og allerede den Gang anede man, at der var Forræderi med i Spillet, thi kun 5-6 Mennesker kunde forudsættes at kende noget til Lordens verdenshistoriske Rejse.

Nu forklarer den tyske Matros, at ikke een, men fem U-Baade var sendte ud paa Jagt efter „Hampshire”. De havde faaet Ordre til at sænke Krydseren for enhver Pris, og der blev givet Løfter om store Belønninger, hvis Foretagendet lykkedes — men først da Foretagendet var lykkedes og U-Baadene atter var løbne ind i Wilhelmshafen, fik Mandskabet Meddelelse om, hvorfor der var sat saa meget ind paa denne Affære: Kitchener of Khartum havde været ombord.

Men hvorfra havde Tyskerne denne skæbnesvangre Efterretning var det ganske naturlige Spørgsmaal, som Matrosens Forklaring affødte.

En indgaaende Undersøgelse til Opklaring heraf blev iværksat, og foreløbig er man standset ved følgende uhyggelige Teori:

Det var den daværende russiske Kejserinde, der har forraadt Hemmeligheden til Tyskerne. Hun vidste, at Kitchener skulde komme, men hvilket Skib og ad hvilken Rute, Rejsen skulde foretages. Ad neutral Omvej meddelte hun Admiralitetet i Berlin alle disse Oplysninger. Allerede i 1916 var hun Forræder mod de Allieredes Sag!

Dette er ikke den eneste Forræderi-Sigtelse, der er rejst mod den ulykkelige Eks-Czaritza, men vel nok den mest opsigtsvækkende. Men de, der har fremsat den, skylder dog den haardtprøvede Kvinde at fremlægge afgørende Beviser, før de dømmer hende.

English translation (my own):

Did the Russian Ex-Empress Send Lord Kitchener to Death?

A sensational accusation of treason against the imprisoned Tsaritsa.

The fog of the North Sea still rests as a veil over the mystery that is called Lord Kitchener's death — even among the cliffs of Scotland, there are even whispers that the great military man is not dead at all, but will one day return and save old Britain.

But a German sailor, taken prisoner by the English, has, with his testimony, cast a new, sensational cut on the strange affair.

Lord Kitchener, as is known, perished in the way of being shot down with the "Hampshire" cruiser in the vicinity of the Hebrides on his way to Russia.

It was assumed in England that a German U-boat was Hampshire's pioneer, and already at that time it was thought that there was treachery in the game, for only 5 or 6 people could be presumed to know anything about the Lord's world-historic trip.

Now the German sailor explains that not one, but five U-boats were sent in search of Hampshire. They had been ordered to sink the cruiser at all costs and promises of great rewards were given if the enterprise succeeded — but only when the enterprise succeeded and the U-boats again ran into Wilhelmshaven was the crew told why there was put so much effort into this affair: Kitchener of Khartum had been on board.

But from where the Germans had this fateful intelligence was the quite natural question which the sailor's explanation gave rise to.

An in-depth investigation into this has been launched, and for the time being, the following disturbing theory has emerged:

It was the then Empress of Russia who betrayed the secret to the Germans. She knew that Kitchenerwould come, but not which ship and which route to travel would be made. By neutral detour, she communicated all this information to the Admiralty in Berlin. Already in 1916 she was a traitor to the Allies' cause!

This is not the only betrayal charge brought against the unhappy ex-Tsaritsa, but it is probably the most startling. However, those who have made it owe it to the hard-pressed woman to produce decisive evidence before convicting her.

News report on Alexandra in Næstved Tidende, Sydsjællands Folkeblad, dated June 20, 1908

Source:

Published in Næstved Tidende, Sydsjællands Folkeblad in Næstved in South Zealand, Denmark on June 20, 1908

http://www2.statsbiblioteket.dk/mediestream/avis/record/doms_aviser_page%3Auuid%3A95568932-8df7-49a2-8f5f-11eb2c858857/query/kejserinde%20Alexandra%20Rusland/page/doms_aviser_page%3Auuid%3A48db9a5c-5b32-44c4-a8ff-5d475fbdb763


The report:

Kejserinden af Rusland skal være bleven meget betænkelig syg, saa at det kun var med megen Besvær, hun deltog i Mødet ud for Reval. Hvormeget der ligger i denne Meddelelse er ikke foreløbigt konstateret, men i hvert Fald saa Kejserinden svag og lidende ud, da hun overværede Mødet. Kejserinde Alexandra er født den 6. Juni 1872 som Prinsesse af Hessen. Den 26. November 1894 blev hun gift med den nuværende Czar af Rusland.

English translation (my own):

The Empress of Russia is supposed to have been very worryingly ill, so that it was only with much difficulty that she attended the meeting next to Reval. How much is contained in this communication has not yet been ascertained, but in any case the Empress looked weak and suffering when she attended the meeting. Empress Alexandra was born on June 6, 1872 as Princess of Hesse. On November 26, 1894, she married the present Tsar of Russia.

News report on Alexandra in Sorø Amts Dagblad - Slagelse, dated July 27, 1918

Source:

Published in Sorø Amts Dagblad in Slagelse, Denmark on July 27, 1918

http://www2.statsbiblioteket.dk/mediestream/avis/record/doms_aviser_page%3Auuid%3A35b40021-57af-4f0c-a79d-099287fb2dd2/query/kejserinde%20Alexandra%20Rusland/page/doms_aviser_page%3Auuid%3A8251ad1e-c877-4559-837c-274bfc84ac51

This report was published in the Danish newspaper Sorø Amts Dagblad in Slagelse, Denmark on July 27, 1918, ten days after Alexandra was murdered with her family; the report claims that Alexandra was spared and is consequently a widow.


The report:

En tragisk Kvindeskikkelse.



Enkekejserinde Alexandra af Rusland, for hvis Skæbne, der næres Ængstelse i Berlin og London saavel som hos vort Kongehus. Ruslands tidligere Kejserinde er 46 Aar gl., født Prinsesse af Hessen, Svigerinde til Prins Heinrich af Prøjsen og Kusine til den engelske Konge. For Tiden er hun en fattig Enke uden Hjem och Fædreland.

English translation (my own):

A Tragic Woman's Figure.



Widowed Empress Alexandra of Russia, for whose fate nourishes anxiety in Berlin and London, as well as at our royal house. Russia's former Empress is 46 years old, born Princess of Hesse, sister-in-law of Prince Heinrich of Prussia and cousin of the English King. For the time being, she is a poor widow without a home and fatherland.

Thursday, May 28, 2020

Report and obituary in The Illustrated London News on Alix's mother Princess Alice's death, dated December 21, 1878

Source:

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101059280824&view=1up&seq=698

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101059280824&view=1up&seq=699


The articles:

THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS.

LONDON: SATURDAY, DECEMBER 21, 1878.

The Country is in mourning — The Country mourns. How great a difference there may be between the two states — the outward and the inward — need not be pointed out. There is no difference in the present instance. The "trappings of woe" correspond but too closely with the sorrow of the heart. Princess Alice of Great Britain and Ireland, the Grand Duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt, the second daughter of Queen Victoria, has been removed from the present life by the terrible malady which had, a few days before, carried off her youngest daughter and which had put in sore peril the lives of her husband and the rest of her children. The lamentable event occurred on the anniversary of her father's death, seventeen years ago. It brings with it touching reminiscences which will now be closely associated with the memory of her life. How she nursed the Prince Consort in his mortal illness, how the tenderness and self-sacrificing devotion of her love smoothed his passage from this world to the next, how she upheld her Royal Mother under the fresh burden of her widowhood, how ten years afterwards she nursed her brother the Prince of Wales, and was happily rewarded by the restoration of his health, we all know. And now she has herself fallen a victim to the very virtues which commended her to our hearts. There is a pathos in the incident mentioned by Lord Beaconsfield in the House of Lords on Tuesday last which is simply irresistible. "The physicians," he said, "who permitted her to watch over her suffering family enjoined her under no circumstances whatever to be tempted into an embrace. Her admirable self-restraint guarded her through the crisis of this terrible complaint in safety. She remembered and observed the injunctions of her physicians. But it became her lot to break to her son, quite a youth, the death of his youngest sister, to whom he was devotedly attached. The boy was so overcome with misery that the agitated mother clasped him in her arms, and thus received the kiss of death." Her illness was watched with painful anxiety, not in her adopted country only, but in that of her early home. Medical science, however, was unable to stay the progress of her disease. The conflict is over. Death has gathered into his arms all that was mortal of the Royal Princess, and the Court and the people of this country share between them the sorrow which arises from the irreparable loss occasioned by her decease.

Yet not a loss only, or wholly, nor a gloom entirely unrelieved. The dark cloud has its "silver lining." Even what we see on this side of the grave, distressful as it is to many, grievous to all, is yet spanned by a bow of promise. The life of Princess Alice is even now far from having worked out its beautiful results. It was a life of blessing to all who came within its sphere, and of potent influence for good to those who were outside of it. Her exalted position was but the accident which displayed it more vividly and more widely than would otherwise have been the case. Its genuine lustre was in itself. It would have been charming anywhere, in any rank, in association with any circumstances, but it was rendered more conspicuous in that it was lifted up on high. We need not speak in a depreciating tone of the external grandeur — albeit grandeur in simplicity — the centre of which she so exquisitely adorned. They who were nearest to her either by the ties of relationship or by the privilege of personal intercourse, speak admiringly of her intellectual culture, her solid judgment, her brilliant vivacity. We can believe them. But that which most attracts and fixes the regard of most men was the tender and ever outflowing sympathy which she had for all kinds of human suffering. An ornament to her Court, a bright and sparkling gem in her family, diffusing gladness wherever she vouchsafed her presence, she was always ready, in the alleviation of sorrow, to take the post demanding the greatest self-denial and to meet the troubles from which she might have been excused had she shrunk from them. "So good, so kind, so clever," says the Prince of Wales, in a letter written on the day of her death — words of simple testimony to her worth which find an echo in the bosom of every subject in the realm. She was a feminine exposition of the spirit of "Albert the Good," and her death brings back to us in full flush the grateful remembrances we have of his life.

The blow, as might have been expected, has been a heavy one for the Queen. The day on which it occurred necessarily reopened the deep wound made upon her domestic happiness, never perhaps to be completely healed, by the death of the Prince Consort. Her people rejoice in the assurance that her Majesty's usual health has not shown any indications of giving way under the stroke. They are thankful that she had an opportunity, as late ago as last autumn, of seeing and exchanging embraces with her beloved daughter. They are fully sensible that it is out of their power to offer her such consolation as will reach to the depth of her affliction. They are willing to bear her grief, if that were possible; but, that not being so, they are anxious to share it. They well know that they owe much to her, but they know not how much. They looked on with admiring and even affectionate sympathy whilst she was engaged in training her children for the high positions which they occupy. They cannot see her in domestic trouble without yearning to give her such solace as their unanimous participation in her grief may help to afford. The light which the light of Princess Alice casts forward, as a glorious example upon their several households, beams also in its reflex radiance upon the family life and maternal influences of their beloved Sovereign. They owe to her an untold sum of thankfulness, and they cannot allow her daughter to pass away from earth without becoming increasingly sensible of the debt of obligation under which the mother in her child has laid them. With more fervency than ever they will now repeat the refrain of the National Anthem, "God Save the Queen."

The lesson of the late Princess's life is as noble as it is obvious. Moral worth is a far more felicitous distinction than high position. It is well when both are combined, as in her case; but the first claims our reverential homage even when quite apart from the last. The women of society are not the only persons who may profit from what they have been called within the last week to witness. Love is the surest parent of love. To be lovely is the best forerunner of lovely action. Influence, honour, and unfailing satisfaction are to be acquired, not so much by the triumphs of ambition as by the quiet discharge of daily duties, and by the unostentatious but continuous outflow of a loving heart. In this respect to give is to receive, to bless is to be blessed, and in the words of Holy Writ, to lose life is to find it.

...

THE DEATH OF PRINCESS ALICE.

The whole English nation, and, we believe, the German nation also, have since last Saturday joined with our Queen and the Royal family, and with the bereaved husband and children at Hesse-Darmstadt, in heartfelt mourning for the untimely death of this illustrious lady. Her Royal Highness was, to quote the touching words of her brother, the Prince of Wales, in letter which Earl Granville read on Tuesday evening to the House of Lords, "so good, so kind, so clever!" As daughter, sister, wife, and mother, she had ever shown the characteristic virtues of womanhood; and she had laboured, both in England and in Germany, with a "thoughtful beneficence," to relieve the sufferings of the sick poor in hospitals, of wounded soldiers, and prisoners of war, at the same time cultivating every pursuit of refined intelligence and taste, and the graceful accomplishments befitting her exalted rank. The dates and other details of her personal history will be found set forth in the usual form of an Obituary Notice. Our leading article this week is naturally devoted to this topic, which has, more than all other contemporary affairs, occupied the public mind; while the votes of condolence in both Houses of Parliament, with the appropriate speeches of Lord Beaconsfield and Lord Granville, in the one instance, of Sir Stafford Northcote and Lord Hartington in the other, are recorded as an authoritative testimony of national regret, and of profound sympathy with the Royal Mother, for whom we have never ceased, these seventeen years past, to feel the reverential tenderness due to a Royal Widow.

Her Royal Highness died a little before eight o'clock in the morning last Saturday, in the Grand Ducal Palace at Darmstadt, her state the day before having been such as to give rise to the greatest alarm with increased fever and the swelling having extended to the windpipe or larynx. She had been ill since just after the death of her youngest child, Princess Maria Victoria, a little girl of four years, who had, with others of the family, been attacked by diphtheria. Upon the death of her little one the affectionate mother herself went to the bedside of her son, Prince Ernest, who is ten years of age, and who was suffering from the same disease. It appears to have been upon the occasion of this sorrowful interview, and by a kiss from the poor innocent boy, which his mother could not refuse at such a moment, that the germs of the terrible malady were conveyed to her system.

The sad intelligence was received at Windsor Castle on Saturday morning. The Queen had received previous telegrams from Sir William Jenner to explain to her Majesty the significance of the symptoms observed.

Immediately on the event becoming known in London the Home Secretary wrote to the Lord Mayor communicating the fact, and requesting him to give directions for the tolling of the great bell of St. Paul's Cathedral. His Lordship also read the letter from his seat in the Justice Room of the Mansion House, and a copy was posted outside the building.

On Sunday morning and evening, in their pulpit discourses, particular allusions to the mournful event were made by Canon Liddon, at St. Paul's; by Canon Prothero, at Westminster Abbey; by the Rev. H. White, at the Chapel Royal, Savoy; by Canon Spencer, at the Temple Church; by Canon Farrar, at St. Margaret's, Westminster; by the Bishop of Columbia, at St. Stephen's, Westminster; and at most other churches and chapels in the metropolis and throughout the country.

At Darmstadt, on Tuesday, the funeral solemnities in connection with the burial of Princess Alice commenced. The body was removed from the Grand Ducal Palace to the church within the old castle, where the religious ceremony was to take place next day. The hearse was preceded by a half-squadron of Dragoons and a number of Court officials, and was followed by the Royal carriages and another half-squadron of Dragoons. The torches were carried on either side of the hearse by six servants, and some non-commissioned officers of the Guard made up two lines of escort. There had been a heavy fall of snow during the day, but the night was almost cloudless. The whole of the route to the church was lined with spectators, who respectfully uncovered as the procession passed. The Princess was well known to the inhabitants of Darmstadt, not only through frequently being seen in the town with her husband, but by reason of the personal interest which she took in the local charities and other institutions. The procession having arrived at the church, the coffin, covered with a crimson pall, was placed on a black velvet catafalque, bearing the Grand Ducal crown and the arms and orders of the Princess, and throughout the night was attended by a guard of honour. Between nine o'clock and noon on Wednesday the church was open to the public, and during that time some thousands of persons passed reverently by the coffin. By two o'clock, the hour fixed for the reading of the burial service, the edifice was filled with the nobility, members of the diplomatic corps, the Ministry, military officers, Privy Councillors, members of the two Chambers, the Mayors of Darmstadt and other towns, the municipal councillors, the President of the National Synod, and a deputation of the clergy, officials of the palace, representatives of Ministerial departments, and deputations from various regiments. The right side of the altar was occupied by members of the Women's Union for Nursing Sick and Wounded in War, founded by the Grand Duchess and bearing her name; on the left were ranged ladies who had been presented at Court. Everything being in readiness for the service, the mourners — the Grand Duke of Hesse, the Prince of Wales, Prince Leopold, Prince Christian of Holstein, and the Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg and Baden among others — entered the church, and were conducted to their places with the ceremonies usually observed on such occasions. The Crown Prince and Princess of Germany were not present, the Emperor William having, after a consultation with his physicians, declined to permit them to attend the funeral on account of the risk of infection. In their absence the Imperial family were represented by General Goltz, Colonel Panwitz, Count Matuschka, and Count Seckendorff. M. de Quaade was in attendance for the King of Denmark, General Burnell for the King of the Belgians, and Baron von Perglas and Count Durkheim for the King and Queen Dowager of Bavaria. The Burial Service, to which some anthems and chorales were added, was performed by Assistant Chaplain Grein, one of the Ducal chaplains, and the Rev. Mr. Sillitoe, the resident English clergyman. The coffin was then removed from the catafalque to a hearse drawn by eight horses, and the sad procession passed to Rosenhohe by way of the Market-place, the parade-ground, the Alexanderstrasse, the Muehlstrasse, and the Erbachsterstrasse. The route was densely lined with spectators, and the utmost order prevailed.

During the funeral ceremony at Darmstadt and Rosenhohe a solemn service was held at Windsor Castle.

From all parts of the country we have reports of resolutions of condolence carried by Town Councils and other bodies. Minute guns were fired on Wednesday at Woolwich, Chatham, Portsmouth, and Devonport, and the flags of her Majesty's and other ships were flown half-mast high.

We present on the front page of this week's Number the portraits of the lamented Princess Alice and her youngest child, both so lately taken from their afflicted family; and our Extra Supplement consists of a separate Portrait of her Royal Highness, for which, as well as for the subject of our front-page Engraving, we are indebted to a photograph by Mr. Alexander Bassano, of Piccadilly.

Tuesday, April 14, 2020

The San Fransisco Call on Alexandra's latest illness, dated November 28, 1903

Source:

Published in The San Fransisco Call on November 28, 1903

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1903-11-28/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1894&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=CZARINA+Czarina&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=8&state=&date2=1918&proxtext=Czarina&y=14&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=6


The article:

ALL RUSSIA WORRIED ABOUT THE CZARINA

Empress Is Still Suffering From Inflammation of the Ear and an Operation May Have to Be Performed at a Very Early Day

ST. PETERSBURG, Nov. 27. — The Czarina's condition causes alarm here, as the inflammation of her ear does not yield to treatment and it is feared that an operation may be necessary. The Czar has decided not to bring her to St. Petersburg, fearing she may take cold on the journey, and she will remain at Skierniewcz until all danger is passed.

The papers here given no details of the Czarina's illnes [sic] beyond the official bulletin.

The following bulletin concerning the condition of the Czarina was issued to-day:

Her Majesty's temperature last evening was 99.14, pulse 68. The temperature this morning was 98.6, pulse 64. Her Majesty slept well during the night and was free from pain. The discharge from the ear continues in a normal way and the general condition remains good.

BERLIN, Nov. 27. — The statement published by a news agency in the United States to-day to the effect that Die Morgen Post had confirmed reports that the Czarina is not suffering from inflammation of the ear, but from the effects of strychnine placed in the food in the royal palace by nihilists, who thus attempted to kill the Czar, is absolutely denied and is considered preposterous.

Die Morgen Post merely noted the rumors published in the Polish press that the death of the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of the Grand Duke of Hesse, was caused by the eating of diseased oysters. Die Morgen Post, in referring to the rumor, made no mention whatever of the Czar or the Czarina.

Sunday, March 15, 2020

The St. Paul Globe on the bad relationship between Alexandra and Marie Feodorovna, dated May 15, 1904

Source:

The St. Paul Globe, published in St. Paul, Minnesota on May 15, 1904

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90059523/1904-05-15/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1894&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Czarina&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=18&state=&date2=1918&proxtext=Czarina&y=14&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=5


The article:

THE CZARINA'S OWN LITTLE WAR

THE Beautiful Woman Who Sits on Russia's Throne Suffers From Too Much Mother-in-Law and Declines to Submit

THE Czar's Mother and His Wife Fail to Agree on Many Points, and Their Differences Cannot Be Reconciled

THE Czarina has a little war of her own which has been raging for several years. She suffers from too much mother-in-law. That is what the St. Petersburg gossips said last autumn when the Empress retired to the country, officially to nurse a bad attack of earache. There was a general smiling and raising of eyebrows in court circles when the country visit was announced.

The Dowager Empress Is One of the Cleverest of Women.

"It is a plausible excuse, of course," said a Russian lady to an American woman, who was at that time visiting St. Petersburg, "but in spite of the almost sacred seclusion in which our royal family live and the admirable police protection they enjoy, rumor cannot be stifled. For some years we have all been aware that the Dowager Empress and her pale, proud, beautiful daughter-in-law are not as friendly as they might be.

"The trouble began as long ago as the first year of the Emperor's marriage, which was carried out wholly at the suggestion of his mother, who is one of the cleverest, most capable, managing and ambitious women in Europe. She is the true daughter of her enterprising mother, Queen Louise of Denmark. That lady was chiefly famous as the best butter-maker in Denmark and the best match-maker in the world. Queen Louise married her fourth daughter, Marie Dagmar, to the late Emperor of all the Russias, and never had an occasion to regret her choice of her son-in-law for her favorite child.

Her Beauty and Her Mental Strength Are Both Remarkable.

"The Princess Dagmar, at the time of her marriage, was considered quite as beautiful as her elder sister, who married King Edward. So fair was this Danish princess that when I saw her enter London, in the train of her sister Alexandra, I thought her far more beautiful than the latter. She was tall and slender, her skin was like milk and roses, and her face beamed with intelligence. Furthermore, her manners were the perfection of natural social grace, tact and good will, cultured by the most careful training."

The Russian woman went on to explain that Princess Dagmar was a great success in England. When a little while afterwards her betrothal to the heir of the Russian throne was announced, everybody said that she had a big opportunity and would make the most of it. And that is just what she did. She was baptized into the Russian Church as Marie Feodorovna, and speedily became a true Russian princess.

She set about captivating the heart of her husband and winning his confidence, and she evidently realized both of these ambitions. She also won the people and officials with ease. Every man who met her realized that she combined the brain of a true statesman with all the intuitive delicacy of a woman.

After her first two children were born she lost a great deal of her beauty, but she has retained her fine, slim figure and her clear colour, and when gorgeously dressed for a State function, as she loves to be, she is a dazzling and impressive personage. Her health is superb, and her industry irrepressible. She gets up with the lark, has a sponge bath in ice-cold water, breakfasts, exercises, and then gets to work.

How the Dowager Chose a Wife For Her Son Nicholas.

She loves work, and power and prestige are essential to her happiness. She had complete influence over her husband. He told her everything, took counsel with her before signing State papers or giving an important audience, and brought up his son Nicholas to reverence and obey her opinion as if it were Gospel.

When the question of selecting a wife for Nicholas came uppermost in the minds of the royal pair, it was the Empress who went wife-hunting for her son, and who decided that Princess Alix of Hesse, the niece of her sister, then Princess of Wales, would prove an ideal consort. She talked the matter over with her relatives, and Princess Alix was told of the good match in store for her.

This princess was beautiful, but very impecunious; no other royal gentleman had asked for her hand; and there was much surprise and disgust in her family when at first she declared that the future Czar was not to her liking.

But the Empress of Russia, while thoroughly angry, was none the less determined to have her way. It is said that once her mind is made up she never changes it. Anyway, the Princess Alix was wedded to the present Czar at the bedside of his dying father. The Empress Dagmar stood by and saw the business carried out, thereby consummating her greatest blunder.

She had supposed that her new daughter-in-law would be like clay in her hands, to be moulded as she chose, and that idea was strengthened by the girl's consent to the marriage. Naturally, the Dowager wished to have a non-entity for her son's wife, so that she might continue to wield her old power and influence. She had passed over other eligible princesses because she had thought they would prove to be dangerous rivals. But, for once in her life, she made a great mistake, which she has often had occasion to regret.

Princess Alix was pretty, even beautiful; she was young and she had not had a very elaborate education; but her mother-in-law did not realize that she possessed a mind of her own. She had had a romance in her teens, a hopeless love affair with a gallant German captain; she hated dress and elaborate etiquette and consequently she came into the formal Russian Court very sore at heart and much injured at having to change her religion.

From the beginning there were good grounds for her disgust with her matrimonial bargain; but gossip says her first contest with her mother-in-law arose over a pair of pearl earrings.

She did not mind at all when the Dowager Empress went on managing the housekeeping affairs of the palace, giving advice on official business to the young Emperor, and generally enjoying all the power and influence she had formerly possessed; but she did seriously object to the Dowager's use of a pair of magnificent pearls that had been purchased by the great Catherine and worn in turn by each Russian Empress.

The young wife of the Czar does not care in the least degree for dress; she wears a plain black cloth suit and a straw sailor hat most of the time, and only puts on a Paris frock when a State ceremony must be endured. She never allows an inch of lace to be used on her underwear, but she has a passion for jewels, and more especially for pearls.

When she was married, it is said that her one consolation in yielding to family persuasion was that she would have the finest jewels in the world, and the most noble string of pearls. With this string of pearls there belonged a pair of ear studs, but when the Romanoff jewels were given into the keeping of the young Empress the ear studs were missing. They were to be plainly seen glistening in the ears of her mother-in-law.

A Battle Royal For a Pair Of Pearl Earrings

For three weeks a struggle for the possession of the pearl studs was carried on. The Empress wished to have them, her mother-in-law wished to keep them. Records were searched, laws examined, precedents cited; the unfortunate Emperor was called upon to decide, and at last the Dowager yielded. The pearls were transferred from her ears to those of her daughter-in-law, and at that moment a covert, but none the less deadly, war was declared between them.

In securing the earrings the young Empress suddenly tasted the sweets of victory and the joys of power. Thereafter the daughter-in-law began to assume many hitherto neglected responsibilities and dignities, and now it is generally admitted that these two ladies pull in diametrically opposite directions and have agreed to disagree.

Their second big difference of opinion arose over the Grand Duchess Olga's morning bath. When the Grand Duchess was three weeks old, and the young mother was up and around, she decided to give her baby its morning bath. Her own mother had washed all the little princes and princesses of Hesse, so the Empress called for a tub, soap, towels and a big flannel apron, and, rolling up her sleeves, gave her little daughter a bath in good style. She then told the nurses that she would do the same every morning.

The Dowager Empress was shocked and disgusted. There was a commotion in the palace, traditions were cited, rules of etiquette discussed, but the young Empress went right on bathing and dressing the Grand Duchess, and the Emperor would not, or could not, say her nay.

Court Gossips Say The Czarina Opposed the War.

After this demonstration of her influence over her husband, the Empress began to take more interest in the affairs of State, and to encourage him to talk things over with her and listen to her advice. Now it is said in court circles that because the Dowager expressed her contempt of the Japanese and her belief that Russia would easily succeed in crushing them, the Empress most earnestly opposed the war.

She has not yet been able to exert the influence in State affairs that her mother-in-law still wields, nor has she been able to get a following in the palace. The officials, the men of the family and the chiefs of the army, who have known the Dowager many years, and who have a profound respect for her grasp of affairs, side with her to a man, while the Empress has only a following among the minor officers, the young men, and all the servants, who like her for her independence, her kind-heartedness, and her scarcely veiled contempt for those antique stumbling blocks in the way of comfort called rules of court etiquette.

The Empress Is Feared for Her Gift of Sarcasm.

But what the Dowager and her friends fear most is the quick and nipping sarcasm of her youthful rival. As a rule, the Czarina is a silent woman, and rarely confidential. She is reserved and melancholy, and she amuses herself chiefly by looking after her young daughter and reading English books. But when she is annoyed, her gray-blue eyes assume a steely glint, her thin lips are pressed together for a moment, and then she retorts in phrases that fly straight at their mark and have a sting.

Sunday, March 1, 2020

The San Juan Times on Alexandra's life, dated February 7, 1896

Source:

Written by David Halford for The San Juan Times, published in Farmington, New Mexico on February 7, 1896

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86063590/1896-02-07/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1894&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=czarina+CZARINA&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=17&state=&date2=1918&proxtext=Czarina&y=14&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=5


The article:

THE LITTLE DUCHESS.



WHO MAY YET RULE OVER ALL THE RUSSIAS.



Named Olga by Her Mother — Beautiful Character of the Czarina — America Feels a Friendly Interest in the Progress of Russia.



THE mother of the little grand duchess of Russia has given her the name of Olga. If the Romanoff dynasty continues to reign Olga will one day become empress of all the Russias. That country is now the largest empire in the world ruled by one government. Americans will take great interest in the progress of the nation that emerged from a state of semi-barbarism at the same time that this nation was born. The first act done by civilized Russia was to materially assist the United States in subduing England in the war of the revolution. In all our wars Russia has been our friend. And in turn this country has been Russia's friend. When her treasury was empty we gave her gold, we have given her soldiers and railway builders. Now Russia is about to adopt our common school system. So it is quite natural that Americans feel a friendly interest in the progressive strides being made by Russia.

The czarina is one of Queen Victoria's many grandchildren. She is the youngest child of the late Grand Duke and Duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt. Her mother, Princess Alice, perhaps the most popular member of the English royal family, died when the little Alix was only six years of age, and from that time the child was cared for almost exclusively by her grandmother, Queen Victoria, whose special favorite she has always been. She was surrounded by nurses, attendants and governesses, selected at Windsor and Balmoral, with the result that the future czarina grew up more English in sentiment and training than many of her English cousins. Princess Alix was called by this curious modification of her mother's name because Queen Victoria found that the name of Alice was so badly pronounced by the Germans. The little princess received in addition the names of her aunts, Helena, Victoria Louise, and Beatrice. In her childhood she was called "Sunny," from the brightness of her temperament, but after the loss of her mother and father — the grand duke died in 1892 — she became more serious. From childhood she was remarkable for a distinct character and individuality of her own, and this was shown last year in connection with her entry into the Eastern Orthodox church. For the last seven centuries nearly all the czars have gone abroad for their brides, who, in every instance, have been baptized into the Russian faith. In the case of Princess Alix a difficulty arose. She refused to say that her "former religion was accursed; that her conversion to the Russian faith was due to her conviction that her own religion was not founded upon truth," as the law of the Russian church required.

Never before had the holy synod of Russia had to face such a refusal. Argument was in vain. "I merely join the Greek church that I may be of one faith with my future husband," she said firmly. And the holy synod of Russia had to make this highly important and unprecedented concession to the young German girl, who not even for the crown of an empire would condemn the religion of her forefathers. At her baptism in Russia she received the names Alexandra Feodorovna, and the czar afterward conferred upon her the rank of grand duchess of the empire.

The firmness of character which the czarina possesses has never overshadowed the more graceful qualities of her disposition. She is not stiff, but lively, graceful, "elegante," in the Parisian sense of the word; she is sensitive, impulsive, sympathetic, and witty. She is beautiful, of the refined, fair-haired, blue-eyed type of beauty, with finely chiseled features, a clear complexion and large, bright, laughing eyes. Her accomplishments are more than ordinary. She is an admirable linguist, expert at needlework, very musical, a good player on the pianoforte, and an excellent artist. She is a skillful rider, and, after the fashion of young Englishwomen, was devoted to outdoor sports, delighting in tennis, boating, and skating. In Darmstadt, the Hessian residence, her popularity was unbounded.

Krasnoe Zelo, "the red hamlet," where the czarina now lives, is a village some fifty miles from St. Petersburg, on the borders of Finland. It is full of little toy cottages, which recall memories of Trouville and Dieppe. There is a military camp there, and in the village is situated the Imperial School of Pages, where the scions of Russian nobility are educated, and from which they pass as officers into the guard regiments. The imperial palace was built by Catherine II. It stands in the midst of a magnificent park, and in its general appearance is suggestive of Versailles. It is one of the most magnificent palaces in the world, and is full of the most costly art treasures.
DAVID HALFORD.

The St. Louis Republic on Alexandra befriending Julia Dent Grant, dated August 24, 1902

Source:

The St. Louis Republic, published in St. Louis, Missouri on August 24, 1902

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020274/1902-08-24/ed-1/seq-45/#date1=1894&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Czarina&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=8&state=&date2=1918&proxtext=Czarina&y=14&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4


The article:

TWO FIRM FRIENDS IN FAR-OFF RUSSIA

The Czarina Likes Julia Dent Grant's Loyalty and Cheerful Temperament.

WRITTEN FOR THE SUNDAY REPUBLIC.
They say that the Czarina is sad.

And that an American girl is driving away her blues.

Julia Dent Grant, Princess of Cantacuzene, loves Russia and though she is an American girl, the daughter of a General, she remains in Russia because of her friendship to and loyatly [sic] to her adopted ruler.

Julia Dent Grant married Prince Michael Cantacuzene three years ago at Newport. The wedding took place at Beaulieu, the Newport villa of her aunt, Mrs. Potter Palmer.

The couple were three days getting married and the fame of the event stirred up all the big round world.

The Czar, under whom all the Princes of Cantacuzene for all time had served, sent his benedictions; the Pope was not opposed to the match; Italian society, for the Prince belonged to the Roman Embassy, was represented by several members; London and Paris sent its representatives; Victoria Regina ordered a wedding gift transported to America and the Prince of Wales had a bouquet delivered at the residence of the bride on the day of the wedding.

Thus with so many happy auspics [sic] the couple were married and three days later they set sail for Russia with no worse mishap than that the groom was desperately seasick from having been tossed about two nights and two days on Mrs. Palmer's yacht on the way from Newport to New York. The bride, who is a famous sailor, appeared on deck alone to receive good wishes of great joy.

The trip to Russia ended in the palace of the Czar; and there the couple were received with much joy. The Czar admired the girl at once and the Czarina linked arms with her and took her off to the conservatory for a good gossip over a cup of English tea.

The mother of the Czarina was the Princess Alice of England and to find a girl who could speak English was a joy.

The Czarina liked the Princess for her English dress.

She liked her for her English ways.

She liked her because they could handle the afternoon teacups together.

She liked her because they had the same ideas upon matrimony and believed in marrying for love.

She liked her because they believed in bringing up their own children.

She liked her because she found the American girl simple and unaffected and, like herself, fond of reading and poetry, of music and the fine arts.

In Russia the women love horses and they love smoking; they love ice baths and they love hunting. They are good, sweet, noble women, but they are not so gentle as the Americans, and so, the English Princess set down in a land of cold and horses found something very fascinating in the American girl whose greatest diversion was that she could yacht.

She liked to hear the American Princess talk about household matters; she liked to hear her chat upon the topics of the day: she enjoyed hearing her call her husband "Michael" and it was a treat to see the pair so fond of each other in public.

In Russia married couples are not openly demonstrative and the life of the home is kept quite separate. In America, as in England, a married couple carry home everywhere with them and a man may take his wife in to dinner, if he gets a chance, without violating social etiquette.

The Princess Cantaczene [sic] did not smoke cigarettes and she did love flowers; she loved fine gowns and she loved pets. She enjoyed gentle walks and she loved to get away from the palace and, with the Czarina, walk through the winter gardens and talk botany and babies.

The Czarina with her four little girls visited the nursery of the Cantacuzene home and the two little mothers chatted over the virtues of flannel and fur.

The Czarina, while a little older than the Princess, is by no means more mature. The life which Julia Dent Grant led was more public that [sic] that of Alix of Hesse, and, while the latter was growing up in the secluded little German Province, Mrs. Grant was being presented at court, spending her winters in Rome, sailing up the Nile, going to and from Constantinople, and, when at home, she was dividing her time between Newport, where her aunt's splendid villa lay, and Chicago, where the finest residence in the world awaited her.

In New York she went much in society and knew the army and navy as well as she knew the butterfly circles.

The Czarina is gentle and sweet and so is the Princess.

The Czarina admires Russian women immensely, though she cannot always imitate their splendid dash and enjoy their magnificent health — and so does the Princess.

And in more ways than these were the two in great sympathy.

The Princess visits every year in France for a month with her aunt, Mrs. Potter Palmer, and the two go to Paris, there to shop and enjoy a reunion. Mrs. Palmer loves her niece very dearly, and as for the Princess, she feels toward Mrs. Palmer as she feels toward no other person on earth.

But the Princess, after her visit to Paris, loves to get home again; and there, with the Czarina, the baby and the Prince, she lives her life and finds the lot of an American girl in Russia a very happy one.

Monday, February 24, 2020

The Hawaiian Star on Alexandra's mental health, year 1908

Source:

The Hawaiian Star, published in Honolulu, Oahu on February 19, 1908

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015415/1908-02-19/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1894&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Czarina+CZARINA&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=16&state=&date2=1918&proxtext=Czarina&y=14&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2


The article:

CZARINA MENTALLY AFFECTED

ST. PETERSBURG, FEB. 8. — Despite the efforts that are made to prevent the publication of alarmist reports concerning the Czarina's real condition, sad news filters through to the people from court circles. Both mental and physical ills are believed to be afflicting Her Majesty, who is described as "the wreck of her former self."

Although the official statement is made that the Czarina's real malady is a stubborn attack of influenza, following a weakening attempt at "banting," the popular explanation is that the Czarina is in a state of great nervous depression. She has lost all interest in the outside world and has ceased to take any pride in her personal appearance.

The Czarina refuses to move from St. Petersburg, in obedience to the strong advice of her medical attendants. The court physicians are extremely disquieted by her obstinacy, for they realize that something must be done to get her away from the depressing atmosphere of the court to some sunny retreat in the South.

Both the Czar and Czarina have largely abandoned the freedom of movement in which they formerly indulged, disregarding to a great extent the police precautions for their safety. The Czar frequently rode out from Tsarskoe Selo beyond the protection zone, chatted with peasants by the road side, and so on. Similarly the Czarina delighted to escape from official supervision occasionally and to go out shopping like an ordinary woman. But in her present low state of health and spirits she has given up these outings. In their place the Czarina takes a mild interest in physical matters and has attended the seances at court promoted by the Grand Duchess Melissa, wife of the Czar's cousin, the Grand Duke Peter Nicolaievitch.

The Day Book on Alexandra wanting to save babies in Moscow orphanages, year 1914

Source:

The Day Book, Noon Edition, published in Chicago, Illinois on April 11, 1914

https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914-04-11/ed-1/seq-21/#date1=1894&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=CZARINA+Czarina&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=3&state=&date2=1918&proxtext=Czarina&y=14&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2


The highlight:

CZARINA WOULD SAVE BABIES OF MOSCOW

Moscow, Russia. — Because hundreds of children are dying annually in the Fondling [sic] Asylum at Moscow, Czarina Alexandra has ordered an investigation of the cause of this "slaughter of the innocents." Starvation and bad air are said to be the causes of the heavy death toll of babies.